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anatomy and physiology of sensory system ppt

    anatomy and physiology of sensory system ppt

    Toward the edges of the retina, several photoreceptors converge on RGCs (through the bipolar cells) up to a ratio of 50 to 1. Opsin pigments are actually transmembrane proteins that contain a cofactor known as retinal. However, at the exact center of the retina is a small area known as the fovea. Nociceptive Pain. Other overlooked senses include temperature perception by thermoreceptors and pain perception by nociceptors. The semicircular canals are three ring-like extensions of the vestibule. and you must attribute OpenStax. Outer ear - from pinna (or auricle) to tympanum (also known as tympaninc membrane or eardrum). BIO 1414 Human Anatomy & Physiology II - BIO 1414 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Unit 3 Autonomic Nervous System and Senses Part 1 By: Robert F. Allen, Professor of Biology Conjunctiva Covers the inner . These two structures bend the lens, allowing it to focus light on the back of the eye. Eventually, patterns of ganglion cells signals are integrated within the brain (in the occipital cortex) to generate the perception of complex images. PTC tasting test kits provide material to survey the class. If you think that you can see colors in the dark, it is most likely because your brain knows what color something is and is relying on that memory. This is how Dr. Reed is able to visualize and count papillae on the surface of the tongue. The photoisomerization is reversed by a series of enzymatic changes so that the retinal responds to more light energy. When you eat something salty, the salt crystals dissociate into the component ions Na+ and Cl, which dissolve into the saliva in your mouth. Loss of the sense of smell can result in food tasting bland. They are the superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and lateral rectus. The canal enters the skull through the external auditory meatus of the temporal bone. Like taste, the sense of smell, or olfaction, is also responsive to chemical stimuli. are licensed under a, Structural Organization of the Human Body, Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter, Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning, Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response, Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System, Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue, Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems, Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton, Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue, Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems, Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back, Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax, Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs, Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs, Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System, Circulation and the Central Nervous System, Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System, Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions, Development and Aging of the Endocrine System, The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance, Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System, Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation, Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems, Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response, The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types, The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies, Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses, Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange, Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System, Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System, Digestive System Processes and Regulation, Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder, Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look, Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition, Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance, Human Development and the Continuity of Life, Anatomy and Physiology of the Testicular Reproductive System, Anatomy and Physiology of the Ovarian Reproductive System, Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems, Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth, Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages. This occurs when a stimulus changes the cell membrane potential of a sensory neuron. The eyes are located within either orbit in the skull. The otoliths essentially make the otolithic membrane top-heavy. These odorant molecules bind to proteins that keep them dissolved in the mucus and help transport them to the olfactory dendrites. The unit of Hertz measures the frequency of sound waves in terms of cycles produced per second. vision, taste). From there, the axons split to travel to several brain regions. Visual acuity refers to the sharpness or clarity of vision and is an indication of the focusing capacities of your eyes, especially the lens and cornea. Merkel cells are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis. The cross will disappear at a distance related to the physical separation of your fovea and your optic disk. The Na+ concentration becomes high outside the gustatory cells, creating a strong concentration gradient that drives the diffusion of the ion into the cells. Without moving your eyes off that word, notice that words at the beginning or end of the paragraph are not in focus. Photoreceptors in the eyes, such as rod cells, are examples of (c) specialized receptor cells. This complexity allows you to be aware of your surroundings and take appropriate actions. At the uppermost tip of the cochlea, the scala vestibuli curves over the top of the cochlear duct. Other stimuli include the electromagnetic radiation from visible light. These ganglia are located within the spiral-shaped cochlea of the inner ear. The innermost layer of the eye is the neural tunic, or retina, which contains the nervous tissue responsible for photoreception. It is filled with a watery fluid called the aqueous humor. A significant amount of light is absorbed by these structures before the light reaches the photoreceptor cells. Using a tuning fork, have a subject sit with their eyes closed. Different types of stimuli are sensed by different types of receptor cells. Light striking photoreceptor neurons activate networks of retinal neurons. The C-shaped curves of the auricle direct sound waves toward the auditory canal. In addition, two separate clusters of hair cells the saccule and utricle are oriented to detect vertical and horizontal movements. Sensory System f Sensory Organs (Receptors) Monitor the internal and external environment Transmit signals from periphery to CNS for processing Critical for homeostasis f Types of Sensory Receptors Functional Types Based on modality (type of environmental change they sense) 1. There is more variability among individuals than accounted for by the original 1942 map (not shown, intentionally). A person with an impaired sense of smell may require additional spice and seasoning levels for food to be tasted. Light with a wavelength of 380 nm is blue whereas light with a wavelength of 720 nm is dark red. The essential component is neurons, the major functional cells in nervous tissue. Umami is a Japanese word that means delicious taste, and is often translated to mean savory. Retinal is a hydrocarbon molecule related to vitamin A. https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/14-1-sensory-perception, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Dermis, cornea, tongue, joint capsules, visceral organs, Pain, temperature, mechanical deformation, Epidermaldermal junction, mucosal membranes, Papillary dermis, especially in the fingertips and lips, Deep pressure, high-frequency vibration (around 250 Hz), Wrapped around hair follicles in the dermis, Describe different types of sensory receptors, Describe the structures responsible for the special senses of taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision, Distinguish how different tastes are transduced, Describe the means of mechanoreception for hearing and balance, List the supporting structures around the eye and describe the structure of the eyeball, Describe the processes of phototransduction. The pigments in human eyes are specialized in perceiving three different primary colors: red, green, and blue. Many of the somatosensory receptors are located in the skin, but receptors are also found in muscles, tendons, joint capsules, ligaments, and in the walls of visceral organs. A particular body part's function depends on its structure. Photoreceptor cells have two parts, the inner segment and the outer segment (Figure 14.16). Generally, spinal nerves contain afferent axons from sensory receptors in the periphery, such as from the skin, mixed with efferent axons travelling to the muscles or other effector organs. What is the distance between the fovea and optic disk in your left eye? Whereas spinal information is contralateral, cranial nerve systems, with some exceptions, are mostly ipsilateral, meaning that a cranial nerve on the right side of the head is connected to the right side of the brain. 190 no. All of the other muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve, as is the levator palpebrae superioris. Conjunctiva. Testing is a simple positive response for bitter taste, while non-tasters will report no taste. Have your partner stand near the chart and tell you which line to read starting from the top. spearmint, orange, anise). Stimuli in the environment activate specialized receptor cells in the peripheral nervous system. Lower frequency waves move the region of the basilar membrane that is near the tip of the cochlea. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site They can also be classified functionally on the basis of the transduction of stimuli, or how the mechanical stimulus, light, or chemical changed the cell membrane potential. Taste involves stimulation of receptor proteins on gustatory cells within taste buds. By containing toxic alkaloids, the plant is less susceptible to microbe infection and less attractive to herbivores. The middle ear is connected to the pharynx through the Eustachian tube, which helps equilibrate air pressure across the tympanic membrane. A similar mechanoreceptora hair cell with stereociliasenses head position, head movement, and whether our bodies are in motion. Typically, spinal nerve systems that connect to the brain are contralateral, in that the right side of the body is connected to the left side of the brain and the left side of the body to the right side of the brain. The eye is located within the orbit and surrounded by soft tissues that protect and support its function. The hair cells along the length of the cochlear duct, which are each sensitive to a particular frequency, allow the cochlea to separate auditory stimuli by frequency, just as a prism separates visible light into its component colors. Therefore, visual acuity, or the sharpness of vision, is greatest at the fovea.

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