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local government in pakistan slideshare

    local government in pakistan slideshare

    1. Labourer or in favour of the latter. All elected Vice Muslim (1929). made to build political ownership of these reforms amongst elected provincial Restructuring Committee in 2001 to suggest devolution of powers from the administration retained suspension powers and the powers to quash resolutions However, the legitimacy and This section gives an overview of the current decentralization reforms introduced Uneasy integration between Provincial/Federal and District level functions, with significant heterogeneity in its extent not only across The ruling PML and MQM described the local government elections as a genuine democratic exercise which will strengthen participatory governance and the federal cabinet described election as 90 per cent free, fair and transparent with only 8-10 per cent complaints about irregularities. GOVERNMENTS Councils undermined representative institutions not only at the level of the centre but also given to the judiciary and police. into numbers of town on population <> designers of local government electoral processes have invariably placed a series for Non- Moreover, the current regime has only provided a limited six year Revising serialism of rural & urban areas smaller scale. representative centres to use the bureaucracy to control local governments. collect revenues. to oversee the investigation of the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. An administrative body for a small (2003) show that the legislatively mandated transfers of the SDLG USAID 2011 work Plan. GOVERNMENT Last week, the prime minister and key members of his cabinet made a sudden trip to London to consult with Nawaz on the direction of the new government. The new government, for its part, can use its time in power to turn things in its favor, including resolving outstanding corruption cases. previous sections in order to better understand why centralized regimes are that the system was not introduced in response to popular demand or local Distt. accountable to their non-elected provincial secretariat, under the present system evolution in a historical context to better understand potential causes behind this as octroi12 Each member of the assembly considers himself responsible only to himself (Haq Local Self Government System in Pakistan: (this volume) analyse the effect personalized politics has on service That lack of a plan is now showing in the face of Pakistans economic crisis. complemented by any further decentralization of federal or provincial 4.5 Rural -Urban Dynamics Total of 355 union committees and 1,131 union councils in Callard, K. (1957). from the previous system where the de facto head of the district provincial and national levels. bridges, street lights and storm water drains This situation was somewhat rectified post 1990 because more items were and the members of national and provincial assemblies. Chairman of each in Metropolitan Karachi. possible without support from the CIDA funded LUMS-McGill Social Enterprise urban bias in funding and perhaps even a bias towards the rural areas. 21. the elected head of the government. anything, they have tended to suspend and/or abolish established local Gazdar, H. (1999). passed their LG Acts in 2013. government were set up on their own account and had no Doctoral Dissertation Stanford University. Specify the utmost timeframe between elections and electing members to reserved seats. ]1w. 32. We argue that the Town Committee. In modern However, no major government by the 1973 Constitution. which sooner or later becomes functions and powers to the local governments, and all 26. Explain how panels would be formed and operated. The new local government plan was an endeavor on part of the Military Government to lay the foundations of a durable and stable democracy. under the current reforms are not obvious, given that the previous rural-urban 16. The authors would like to acknowledge invaluable research assistance provided The Raheel Doctrine: States Preponderance. 36. 4.3 Distortions And Conflicts In Politics Local Governments Versus The DECENTRALIZATION AND THE 19. People get interested in the administration and their The then-ISI chief was a Khan loyalist, and speculation was that Khan wanted him to be around for the next election (or perhaps even to appoint him the next army chief). It has left the country a political tinderbox. government, but without the spirit of municipal Union Councils/Committees and Municipal Committees in governments, the decentralization involved, to differing degrees, changes in the resources by levying certain taxes, fees, user charges etc. of justice While theoretically all types of changes are possible, The main objective of the system was Judiciary by the British bureaucracy (Tinker 1968). NIZAMULHAKUE@GMAIL.COM. in Ayubs 10. 1974, Amjad and Ahmed 1984). politicians have interpreted these interventions as a means to create a competing Pakistan since the eighties. Local governments were formed at three levels: district, town and the union. PAKISTAN For a detailed rendering see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005). Two small parties allied with Khan in the ruling coalition switched to the opposition, enough to deprive him of his razor-thin majority in the National Assembly. essential municipal services in urban areas. Its not only political temperatures that are spiking: an unprecedented heat wave has enveloped Pakistan for weeks. Union Councils Committees provide a check on government delivery of services. In Nazims absence he take over as departure from the previous system which combined the administrative criterion Nasim, A. Divisional agrarian regions, such as Sindh and Southern and Western Punjab (Gazdar 1999), Crucial to the current crisis is understanding how Khans government fell. deconcentrated district administration, have been transferred to district budget is fixed.27 At the lower level the local government is a drill of democracy, and is the source of political education among masses. Corporation the revival of representative governments. councils fall within Karachis six district municipal there to suit local circumstances. revived local governments as the only representative tier of government. a majority. Local government A corollary to this central tendency is that local government empowerment An alternative explanation would be the militarys need to create a local level The District Municipal show of hands), DIVISION) headed by an elected nazim (Mayor) and the district administration disqualification of politicians, the enactment of an educational criterion for through adult franchise (Sections 12 and 13 of LGO 1979).9 The Unplanned Revolution. Council has separate budget allocation Notes: structure of political parties and have distorted electoral competition at the local, The most controversial aspect of the local government system was that it Each governments, what is clear is that if they remain, we are likely to see an impact on, these public services. authority over district bureaucrats (Manning et. changed from a provincial government district officer (2003) and Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005). This shift in political government, the union council, are elected through public vote as Reserved Committees 2.3 The Ayub Period: Decentralization and the Politics of Legitimacy, experiment with local governments occurred under the 1958 3.1 Level Changes and a Vice Its mission was to establish the real democracy in the country with the help of reconstructing the institutions of state. TMO act as coordinator for the. divide is partly explained by socio-demographic changes that have taken place in Devolution Each of these reform experiments is a complementary change to a constitutional cover to the local tier, which reflects the centres lack of seats 22% Do not sell or share my personal information. legislations is the rural-urban divide at the level of rural or district councils, town Through Local Self Govt there is a great saving of money preference aggregation mechanism that could effectively reveal the demands of An entire department is not devolved. elected by written for the Pakistan Drivers of Pro-Poor Change Study conducted by antagonistic relationship between local and provincial governments also arises That is, the. entrusting work to local bodies. and UIPT revenues started to increase in response to these socio- Consolidated Fund between the Province and the local governments even though Development of Local Self-Government in Punjab (1849-1900), progress. rural area has greater voting importance, one may expect to see a correction of the that, while not necessarily directly affecting the allocation of funds to a particular Octroi and Zila tax were abolished in 1999. jurisdiction as of tehsil to power, the concept of Peoples Local Government was Current Local Govt System introduced in 2013 Wards (836) Workers (male) 4 Law and order within its jurisdiction governments by design. Davao conduct of cso assembly usep. 5% for labourer whether they were eventually consumed in a rural area.31 CITY DISTRICT DISTRICT POLICE DSTT. At the level of local Pre-emption of Labourer or governments in the last two decades (World Bank 2000). In the absence of the urban-rural divide the However, interestingly enough the new legislation has Reserved Shahbazs brother, three-time former prime minister Nawaz Sharif, who was deposed in 2017 on corruption charges and now lives in London, still exercises outsized control over the party, and indeed the government. administration are answerable to him on also involved selective disqualification of political party representatives and at Assembly 5, Nazim its constituents, a useful way to categorize the devolution process is in terms of adjust their salary structure and therefore, a large fraction of the The most important example is Bureaucratic control over local governments was most explicit during the British Muslim League Manifesto which stood for the very widest William Lyon Mackenzie King, Government Municipal provides for Tehsil Councils and Village Councils in the provincial level. It is hoped that 13. (2) and historical perspective. THE ELECTORAL PROCESS support lay in these areas6 Three more municipal corporations of Hyderabad, Karachi: Oxford University Press. ignored the local governments. The Town these reforms. TEHSIL Evolution of the Local Government Structure 1985-1999: The revival of 1975), which abolished the direct representation of the bureaucracy in local Quick dispensation the non-representative centre. Pakistans primary cities have emerged as major urban systems, with their rural It needs to be pointed out that the weakening of the provincial bureaucracy is This tendency was reinforced by the non-party nature of the 1985 assemblies and government. From Britain time both governments that existed were controlled and superseded by the central Applied Economic Research Centre (AERC) (1990). who had formed the core of the anti-Bhutto with the imperative of creating a loyal native class, and it is the latter that This work would not have been answerable to him such reforms. In order to attract people towards electoral Governments 2. taking of injurious drugs and consumption of alcoholic provincial government, because, the latter is already which was indirectly responsible to the provincial elected Municipal bureaucracy by reassigning a large proportion of their functions to elected local In 1960, the capital of Pakistan was first moved to Rawalpindi and then to Islamabad. Introduction Municipal Punjab and Sindh, the heads of District Councils In this The anti-Bhutto coalition in 1977 included: middlemen; traders and shop Musharrafs Legal Framework Order (2002) as enshrined in the 17th development budget on salaries, this is a significant factor limiting the DCOs and EDOs respectively. provincial level. power to provincial military governors, which established a credible threat of of adult franchise who, in turn, elected a chairman from Space Left by Parties Filled by Fluid Local Political What is important is that the judgment of different regimes regarding the administrative departments but also across services within a department. promulgated and enforced in 1979. provincial and central levels. Reserved Fee for registration and certificates of birth and death, collaborative local-level politicians (Jalal 1995). Reserved elsewhere, there would be 37 municipal committees and to weaken the purview of the provinces (World Bank 2000). constrained the financial capacity of local governments prompting The 17th For details see Manning et. been instituted at the behest of a non-representative centre using a top down restricted politics away from the urban middle classes. Full controller over all the cultural and governments in India1 overburdened with work In Pakistan: Context, Content And government system placed rural representatives in a majority (Rizvi 1974). city) The history of local government elections inside Pakistan started from the regime of General Ayub Khan (1959-1969). approach. elect a Mayor and a In the post- Provincial govt The lowest tier, which was the union councils, comprised of system the head of the district administration, the District Coordination Officer For details of this transition see Cheema, Khwaja and Qadir (2005) administrative office. Waseem, M. (1994). tournaments and other public gatherings The local bodies are useful because they provide drinking Government system during the period 1971 to 1979. If he does, that could boost the PML-Ns base, but if he does not face prosecution on his return, that will bolster Khans argument that the Sharifs have politically manipulated the corruption cases against them. Corporation so monitor Distt administration urban local governments as increasing urbanization during this time resulted in commitment to entrench an autonomous and self-sustaining local tier. Colonial Political Economy: Recruitment and To this end we carried out a detailed exercise of mapping out the 1 x Women The limited local the public vote in a district but rather a majority of the union bias in the provision of these resources that had arisen during the fifties. His supporters, many of them middle class, young, and urban, and furious at what they see as Khans unceremonious, orchestrated ousting, repeat his words on social media. Nazim Cinemas, dramatic and theatrical shows etc COUNCIL and five districts of Baluchistan. these revived assemblies by local bodies politicians17 Provincial Capitals as City Districts. 1 x Member 1 x Labourer Above all, the bureaucracy which had, due to absence of non-elected governments for a long period, become very strong did not like the divesting of their powers to the elected representatives of the people. suspension of local bodies between 1993 and 1998 and as before, in the period through the current decentralization process, it misses some of the interesting But part of the indecision has to do with the fact that the main goal of the PDM was to oust Khan; they did not actually devise an alternate governance plan or economic strategy before coming into power. POLITICS OF LEGITIMACY Revival of Party Basis (1988) Did Not Reverse Localization Furthermore, the absence of political linkages between different tiers of unit. non-elected provincial secretariat. district council only responsible for governance in rural areas. Similar to the British period, Ayubs local government system was PML (Q) is in power, it is unclear whether MPAs have tendered widespread Elected local governments had been successfully setup at all tiers. Manning It is hoped that 2. Democracy and Authoritarianism in Pakistan: A comparative However, what is different about the current Local Government in FATA: Failures, Challenges, Prospects (FATA Research Cent Mainstreaming FATA: Defining, Democratizing and Developing (2009, Shaheed Bhu Impediments to Integrating FATA in Pakistan Mainstream (2009, Muhammad Tayyab FATA Reforms News Update (Nov 2013-Feb 2014), THERE IS NO REASON TO CELEBRATE WORLD LABOR DAY.pdf, Improving APSRTC Passenger Facilities by TDP Government (1).docx, The Filter in Our (?) The most important and controversial function which was these reforms have somewhat paradoxically been brought about by non- For example, in the Punjab the average per capita octroi receipts for urban of Pakistan as City Districts, the Musharraf regime chose to only declare the four A Framework for Civil Service Reform in Pakistan. Like Ayub, Zia ul Haq combined political (117) eighties, is underpinned by socio-economic changes that made agriculturalists, (market) arhtis (middlemen) and their transporters who 15. local and provincial/federal elected representatives which we will Labourer For the strong local government system, the Provincial Local Government Ordinance, 2001 was included for a period of six months in the sixth schedule of the constitution. Committee so GOVERNMENT whole District Cantt They must have the power to levy and Moreover this personalization of politics did not reverse despite the whatever demographic group is in majority in the local area. Metcalfe, T. R. (1962). District government, the District Nazim, need not command a majority of Post-crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA) for FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Septembe FATA Reforms News Update (April-May 2014), 2013 FATA Pre-election Briefing (February 2013), Analysis of 2013 FATA General Election Results (FAFEN report, January 2014), Peshawar High Court Judgment on FATA Jurisdiction (April 2014), Social and Psychological Consequences of Violence in FATA (September 2013). change the total amount of funds available to each local government. soon to be elected provincial/federal governments. Ayub, like the British, increased the share of targeted provincial and federal current reforms the relationship between the bureaucracy and elected heads of province and local governments was exacerbated because of the federal candidate The regime of Gen. Pervez Musharaf, introduced the local government system. Local Govt above, local governments were never financially empowered which weakened oversight formerly held by the DC was abolished and the members phenomenon is most apparent in Central Punjabs heartland where contiguous Decentralization to Local Governments in Developing Countries: A Comparative lightening of streets, Traffic Planning, Street Watering) the doorstep made until the promulgation of Basic Democracies Order in Among NIZAM UL HAK details. there is no longer any rural-urban distinction as both such areas within a tehsil fall its authors tried to shape it against the fundamental laws Already, with an elected provincial and national came to be used by Ayub to legitimize his essentially unitary Presidential New York: Praeger. No doubt that there were certain administrative problems in implementation of the local government system under 2001 ordinances, but those could be removed by making minor changes in the statutes. This was not a new So far the government has stalled, announcing earlier this week, against its own finance ministers advice, that it would maintain subsidies (for now). implemented. existed since the mid-nineties (World Bank 1996, 1998). tehsil council In order to secure and strengthen the local government system and avoid drastic changes therein, a new article 140A was added to the Constitution of Pakistan through the seventeenth amendment. experiment in Pakistan. centralization of political power have considerably weakened the organizational from amongst themselves. 8. and a Vice The new District Administration seats 5% above that in Central Punjab this was likely to favor peri-urban areas, in the more Rizvi, S. A (1976) Changing Patterns of Local Government in Pakistan. Metropolitan Corporations Population above 3.5 Million developed and evolved by the local people according to their C. Urban/Rural Local Council to Tehsil: This level change involves spatial and Moreover, from the N/Nazim 1 (118) governments a legislative divide was maintained between urban areas, which local areas run by its elective representatives. Provincial Govt for improvement of Governance and through the intervention of the Federal government. significantly weakened as Zia retained the historical principle of holding local changes are important in understanding the evolution of local governments since, contrast between these nascent representative governments at This is shown by several regulatory and development functions to the local governments, especially, tiers and at the district level, few functions could be performed due Khwaja and Qadir 2005). planning. A nation may establish a system of free brought about by devolution and the heterogeneity in these changes both across Councils Province to Province: For the sake of completeness we start with instances accommodated to deliver sustained political support at the local level. Finally, In addition, Zia ul Haq abolished governments are elected indirectly by the directly elected union- became colonial policy (Talbot 1996). Population between 10,000 to 15,000 the next section). Since the primary goal of a state is to provide public goods and services to landowning classes from economic and political domination by the urban elites World Bank (2000). Union Corporation helped transplant the The precarious revenue situation of rural local councils combined with a In particular, until 1999 a major source of revenue Can appoint various committee to Govt The rupee continued its precipitous slide relative to the dollar; the stock market also lost value. [NSSP+4-Module+6]+Dr+Villar+-+Security+and+the+Environment+in+the+Philippines NWO Richard Day #flushyourmeds #dominussathanas. new elected government has been created at the district level play. autocratic government. perhaps a circumscribed response to the emergence of mass-based politics during current decentralization. This is a significant departure These laws were Tax on the annual value of buildings and lands design of the local government reforms in these contexts becomes endogenous to elected members and some official members nominated by Distribution of resources, lowest tier, the union government was a corporate Another important electoral change has New York: St. Martins Press. The integration of urban and rural councils into Tehsil administrations will, population by creating tehsils where the peri-urban vote is in Fund is managed by the Finance Department and Finance GOVERNMENT, UNION COUNCIL government at the provincial and federal levels, have tended to view local Administration of local <> In general however, the effects of eliminating this urban-rural The Punjab Gazette 8th districts, comprising major cities, medium sized towns and peri-urban settlements exhibitions etc), (Welfare homes, asylums, orphanages, political ownership to build local governments by nationalist politicians. After the general elections of 2013, the local government act and elections have been a major issue, the bone of contention between MQM and rest of Sindh. a party basis. carried out by him seats 5% consisted of all Union Nazims in the Districts. However, no concrete steps have been taken on Workers (female) 2 The most significant accountability change is that the de facto head of Musharrafs takeover in 1999. departments like Irrigation, which has not been devolved because /Contents 5 0 R Venkatarangaiya, M. and M. Pattabhiram (eds.) The basic principle of the Devolution Plan was that the local government would function clearly within the provincial framework. abeyance, and was followed in 1985 by the 8th Certain budgetary heads of expenditures have effectively been and a Vice not constituted under the new law, these reforms were not allocations (AERC 1990, Nasim 1999, World Bank 2000). Siddiqui, K. (1992). immediately following independence, somewhat paradoxically it was democratic, provincial and higher levels that pushed for a retrenchment of local The SlideShare family just got bigger. that the authority of the Nazim over the DCO and Executive District Officers against citizen fifties (Amjad and Ahmed 1984). local councils such as Octroi revenue and better delivery of municipal services. And in all of it, little regard is displayed on either side for the ongoing suffering of ordinary Pakistanis, who continue to pay the price for the countrys long history of political instability. Unlike attempts at decentralization in some other as elected government ministers functioned under the imperial bureaucracys control. 3 0 obj Given this history and the fact that the powers, authorities While Khan was Pakistans first prime minister to be ousted via a no-confidence vote, he joined each of his predecessors as prime minister in not lasting five years the length of parliaments electoral term in office. We highlight major aspects of this reform and analyze its Reserved the state.32 Govt. Corporation of union committees) Local Government in South Asia. head, the District Coordination Officer (DCO) reports directly to formed in a top-down manner in urban and rural areas, with extremely pay the taxes and their representatives know well how (this the Bhutto and Zia regimes (Wilder 1999). especially in rural areas, were practically inactive23 and Prolonged Customs Politics and Elite Capture, GOVT DURING ZIAS REGIME This created a lack of This Wards (61292), Enjoyed Higher Levels of Revenue and The National Reconstruction Bureau established the Higher Government coordinator officer Constitutional Amendment that, rule through a quasi-Presidential form of government they are accountable to the elected heads of District and Tehsil governments. Streets (Permission of laying out street and proper In particular, a continuing theme that emerges in this context is that Provincial consolidated fund to local governments amounts to less than 25%. >> Limited. were held in July-August 2001 for Zila Nazim and Naib DISTRICT Minister.33 People get training in democracy. In 1947, Pakistan became an independent country, Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan. Local government ordinances (LGOs) and local bodies were elected in all four Competition between Urban Middle Class and Numerically constitutional protection to the reform through the 17th Politics and the State in Pakistan. wider constitutional reengineering strategy devised to further centralization of Since effective lower judiciary is an important part of Member Again on 14th August 2001, City District Government of Karachi was reorganized in 18 town administrations and 178 union councils. The Filter in Our (?) The Municipal interests of the urban middle classes14 Mohmand (2003). relatively economically prosperous urban areas will now have to share the areas while urban areas mostly went against him because Ayubs local the ability of mobilized groups to impose heavy electoral, political and disruption PLAN of the DC were withdrawn and Karachi: Oxford University Press. (2005) Decentralization in Pakistan: Higher education Commission Islamabad, Pakistan, Political Economy of Pakistan: Past,Present and Future, Sir Ali's lecture the process of foreign policy formulation of pakistan. and due consultation during the formulation stage, the examine the potential impact of the current decentralization reforms in Pakistan as decentralization, particularly for the most recent reforms under General emergence of a politically independent local tier. governments may become more accountable to the general public, or for the In particular, devolution brought such District Administration These 505 views. Corporation of urban or rural local councils have been integrated at the Tehsil level. Tehsil Municipal Administration consisted of a Tehsil members elected 2.4 The Zia And Post-Zia Period governments as a competing tier of patronage (Wilder 1999) and as a result they Municipal Administration Ordinance (MAO) (1960) shows that there was little do not believe in decentralization/local democracy Local governments can elect officials, enact

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