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tracheomalacia in adults mayo clinic

    tracheomalacia in adults mayo clinic

    David G. Lott, M.D . Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. Schedule an appointment with your healthcare provider if your baby shows symptoms of tracheomalacia, such as noisy breathing, frequent coughing, choking during feeding or blue spells (cyanosis). In adults, congenital tracheomalacia can be due to Mounier-Kuhn syndrome. Congenital tracheomalacia is somewhat rare. collected, please refer to our Privacy Policy. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Unexplained recurrent shock in peripheral T-cell lymphoma: A case report. Most people stay in the hospital seven to 14 days after open-airway laryngotracheal reconstruction surgery, although in some cases it may be longer. The most common treatment options for tracheal stenosis include: Tracheal Resection and Reconstruction During a tracheal resection, our surgeons remove the constricted section of the trachea and then rejoin the upper and lower sections. All Rights Reserved. A temporary tube inserted through the mouth or nose into the trachea (endotracheal tube) is put into place to support the cartilage grafts. Amyloidosis is when abnormal proteins called amyloids build up and form deposits. During this procedure, a hole is cut in the front of the neck and into the windpipe to help with better breathing. Your child may need help from a breathing machine (ventilator, or respirator) or may need sedation to help prevent the breathing tube from coming out. Tracheomalacia and tracheobronchomalacia in adults Outline SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS DIAGNOSIS Computed tomography Pulmonary function tests Chest radiography Diagnostic approach Additional investigations TREATMENT General approach Stenting Surgical repair Tracheostomy Positive pressure Additional therapies Investigational therapies government site. 2020 Oct;12(10):6173-6178. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2020.03.05. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. 2014;24:67. Review. Prescription narcotics such as Vicodin may be provided to help reduce severe pain. Though rare, adults can get acquired tracheomalacia. Acquired tracheomalacia may occur as a result of: A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and ask about symptoms. Tracheomalacia in a newborn occurs when the cartilage in the windpipe, or trachea, has not developed properly. The complications that may arise as a result of Acquired Tracheomalacia include: The individual may have to be closely monitored in case any complications or respiratory difficulties are observed. Zhou P, Fu B, Zhang C, Chen K, Xia Q, Tang W, Yu W, Huang W. Front Med (Lausanne). This content does not have an English version. Robotic tracheobronchoplasty has reported promising results and favorable outcomes. The primary goal of laryngotracheal reconstruction surgery is to establish a permanent, stable airway for you or your child to breathe through without the use of a breathing tube. Adults with tracheomalacia can often manage symptoms with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Your healthcare provider may recommend treatments or medications to manage your symptoms. A healthy windpipe, or trachea, is stiff. Tonsils are fleshy pads located at each side of the back of the throat. TBM in adults has been linked to the following medical conditions: TBM is also linked to the following medical treatments: Your healthcare provider might start by doing a comprehensive medical examination. A chest X-ray may show narrowing of the trachea when breathing in. The experts at the Advanced Lung Disease Program can help you determine whats best for you. They understand all the special challenges a long-term condition brings and can recommend programs and resources that will help you now and in the future. Current concepts in severe adult tracheobronchomalacia: evaluation and treatment. External percussion vests. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. Persistent cough. In this test, youll swallow a substance called barium that is mixed with liquid and food. Tracheomalacia symptoms include frequent cough, noisy breathing and prolonged respiratory infections. There are several options. Atracheostomy may also be used to treat TBM as a short-term solution or on a more permanent basis. Vascular rings. Tracheopexy. Tatekawa, Y., & Muraji, T. (2011). Nasal polyps that often come back, even after taken out by surgery. Instead of being rigid, the walls of the trachea are floppy, resulting in breathing difficulties soon after birth. If you have tracheobronchomalacia, you might not notice anything unusual until you have persistent respiratory problems like continual coughing, wheezing or respiratory infections. The prevailing definition of TBM as a 50% reduction in cross-sectional area is nonspecific, with a high proportion of healthy volunteers meeting this threshold. Wright, C. D. (2003). TBM is associated with several medical conditions that affect your overall health. Stay Informed. Surgery also helps prevent complications. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. It can occur for many reasons, including injury, infection, stomach acid reflux, a birth defect or as the result of the insertion of a breathing tube. The most common symptom is difficulty breathing. In patients with excessive dynamic airway collapse, the transverse diameter of the airway is not excessively large; therefore, lateral downsizing of the trachea is less pronounced than in the technique for repairing tracheobronchomalacia. Chest, 142(6), 1539-1544. A risk factor increases ones chances of getting a condition compared to an individual without the risk factors. Dr. Fernandez-Bussy also notes that these evaluations should be made using validated scoring scales before and during stenting: Therapy for ECAC is determined by disease severity degree of collapse and severity of symptoms and comorbid conditions. Tests to determine if you or your child have TBM might include: There are different treatments for infants, children and adults who have TBM: Healthcare providers treat TBM with several types of durable medical equipment, known as DME: There are several surgical treatments for TBM. If you are, talk to your healthcare provider. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2017.01.13. The syndrome is often associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and cutis laxa. Post-thyroidectomy tracheomalacia: minimal risk despite significant tracheal compression. However, post-surgery studies show symptoms improved right after surgery and several years after surgery. Babies with tracheomalacia must be closely monitored when they have respiratory infections. 8600 Rockville Pike Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 50(1), 120-123. Our providers specialize in head and neck surgery and oncology; facial plastic and reconstructive surgery; comprehensive otolaryngology; laryngology; otology, neurotology and lateral skull base disorders; pediatric otolaryngology; rhinology, sinus and skull base surgery; surgical sleep; dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery; and allied hearing, speech and balance services. Most of these . tracheomalacia: [ trake-o-mah-lashah ] softening of the tracheal cartilages, often as a congenital condition in infants or in patients of any age after prolonged intubation, and usually accompanied by a barking cough and expiratory stridor or wheezing; nearby organs such as the esophagus or aorta may compress the trachea and cause apnea. Diaz Milian R, et al. Dyspnea, cough, sputum production and recurrent respiratory infections are frequently encountered clinical concerns leading patients to seek medical care. This content does not have an Arabic version. Infants may be born with the disorder, or adults may develop it later on in life. The cardinal symptom of tracheomalacia is stridor with increased respiratory effort that leads to dynamic collapse of the airway. Damage due to surgery or other medical procedures. Other things that might help are: If you or your child has TBM, youll have regular follow-up examinations so healthcare providers can check your trachea and bronchi for signs of trouble. Tracheomalacia is an uncommon condition that causes your windpipe to fall in on itself. TRACHEOBRONCHOMALACIA STORIES VIEWS BY MY JOURNEY SO FAR. As a result, when you breathe out, this part of the trachea and main bronchi (breathing tubes) bulges into the air tubes. Explore lung, breathing and allergy disorders, treatments, tests and prevention services provided by the Cleveland Clinic Respiratory Institute. Healthcare providers use a laryngoscope to check your throat. Diagnosis of tracheomalacia usually begins with a physical exam and a review of the patients medical history and symptoms. Speech therapy may be recommended to help with any voice or swallowing problems. Laryngotracheal reconstruction: A ten-year review of risk factors for decannulation failure. Acquired tracheobronchomalacia. In severe cases, tracheomalacia may be life-threatening, but its curable with treatment. Dynamic computerized tomography of the chest with images obtained at end inspiration and during forced expiration is increasingly used to establish the presence of ECAC, but its utility is predicated on radiology expertise for both image collection and interpretation. Your health and safety remain our top priority: Learn about our Safe Care Commitment | Use our Prescreen app before arrival for faster entry | Read the COVID-19 Vaccine FAQs. The CPAP mask is the same mask people with sleep apnea may use at night. You might be feeling overwhelmed by the prospect of managing a long-term condition. The trachea (windpipe) is the airway, a tube made up of cartilage (the firm tissue in the ear) which starts just below the larynx (voice box) and continues down behind the breastbone then splits into two smaller tubes, called bronchi, which lead to each lung. If the stent resolves your breathing problems, you will most likely benefit from TBM surgery. Le, B. T., Eyre Jr, J. M., Holmgren, E. P., & Dierks, E. J. Adults who smoke are the most likely to have the disease. 2015;124:72. However, the following measures can help reduce the risk Acquired Tracheomalacia: Please visit our Healthy Lungs Center for more physician-approved health information: http://www.dovemed.com/healthy-living/healthy-lungs/, American Lung Association55 W. Wacker Drive, Suite 1150, Chicago, IL 60601Phone: (312) 801-7630Toll-Free: 1-800-LUNGUSAAmerican Lung Association Lung Helpline, to speak with a lung health professional: 1 (800) 548-8252Fax: (202) 452-1805Website: http://www.lung.org, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004563/ (accessed on 12/05/15), http://www.childrenshospital.org/az/Site3206/mainpageS3206P0.html (accessed on 12/05/15), http://radiology.rsna.org/content/109/3/577.abstract (accessed on 12/05/15), http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/007310all.htm (accessed on 12/05/15). Trachea stabilisation with autologous costal cartilage in acquired tracheomalacia: report of two cases. Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is a condition caused by a weak airway that collapses when the patient breathes. . To find out if TBM surgery (tracheoplasty) can help improve your symptoms, we temporarily place a stent (plastic tube) inside the central airways. People with tracheomalacia (congenital and acquired) will need close monitoring if they develop upper respiratory infections. N2 - Large airway collapse can occur in various diseases. We sought to identify a more benign entity in which airway collapse is dynamic and contrasts to the poor prognosis . An adult's windpipe can become narrowed for the same reasons, but the cause may also be a disease that causes blood vessel or tissue inflammation, such as Wegener's granulomatosis or sarcoidosis. Congenital tracheomalacia generally goes away on its own between 18 and 24 months. The trachea is a hollow tube that conducts air from the nose to the lungs and vice versa. During surgery, the health care provider splits the vascular ring to stop the blood vessel from pressing against the windpipe and food pipe. Quality of life outcomes in tracheobronchomalacia surgery. A 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. This content does not have an English version. Substernal goiter may present with cough in tracheomalacia. Mapi Research Trust. Throughout the procedure, the patient must be able to purposefully produce a forced expiration as the bronchoscopist evaluates each segment of the central airways. Other tests might be used to find out how much damage has been done to the airways and lungs, as well as how well your lungs are working. Frailty Characteristics Predict Respiratory Failure in Patients Undergoing Tracheobronchoplasty. If a healthcare provider diagnoses you or your baby with tracheomalacia, here are some questions you may want to ask: Babies born with tracheomalacia often improve over the first 24 months of life. Excessive dynamic airway collapse refers to an excessive forward displacement of the posterior membranous portion of the tracheal wall due to weakness and atrophy of the longitudinal elastic fibers. Severe cases may require surgery. Some people will receive a stent, a silicone tube put into the windpipe to open the airway. A tracheostomy complication resulting from acquired tracheomalacia: case report. The mesh gives your trachea more structure so its less likely to collapse. The test did not reveal structural problems beyond widening in Ben's airways, but it did show that his lower airways were weak. People with severe tracheomalacia will likely need surgery. Dynamic expiratory tracheal collapse in COPD: correlation with clinical and physiologic parameters. Other autoimmune diseases. It is a rare disease produced by the atrophy of elastic fibers in the trachea and main bronchi, which induces tracheobronchial flaccidity, dilatation, and collapse. Chest X-rays, CT scans or a bronchoscopy may be used to see inside the chest and lungs. Sometimes the main bronchial tubes (airways in the lungs) are also abnormally floppy and the broader term tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is used. Tracheomalacia is an airway disorder where the trachea (windpipe) is floppy or abnormally collapsible. All rights reserved. If you think you or a loved one could have acquired tracheomalacia, schedule an appointment with a healthcare provider right away. No. Nuutinen J. Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) happens when your trachea (airway or windpipe) and bronchial tubes (airways leading to your lungs) close down or collapse, affecting your ability to breathe. Also, not all doctors have been trained to diagnose TBM because diseases like asthma and COPD that can mimic TBM are much more common. All Rights Reserved. In people who already have a tracheostomy tube to help them breathe, this procedure often makes it possible to get rid of the tracheostomy. Both entities are collectively referred to as expiratory central airway collapse (ECAC). Most of these patients have an acquired form of TBM in which the etiology in unknown. Connect with us. Stretching exercises that focus on the chest muscles can help with pain and tightness related to inflammation. Primary TBM, when people are born with weak windpipes. The endotracheal tube will typically remain in place from a few days to about two weeks, depending on the amount of time it will take for the area to heal a factor mostly determined by the amount and position of the cartilage grafts. Patients often have comorbidities, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and inappropriate treatment for these conditions may precede eventual recognition of TBM by months or years. Even so, its the most common congenital (birth) defect affecting the windpipe. Tracheomalacia is a condition that primarily affects newborns. Buitrago DH, Wilson JL, Parikh M, Majid A, Gangadharan SP. We use cookies and other tools to enhance your experience on our website and The condition is normally identified after birth, but doctors can also tell if an unborn baby. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. These include certain autoimmune or inherited diseases, like relapsing polychondritis (RP), amyloidosis and Munier-Kuhn syndrome. It often occurs with another problem called tracheoesophageal fistula. The cases of acquired tracheomalacia occur with increasing frequency both in children and in adults, and the tracheomalacia often is not recognized clearly. Dutau H, Laroumagne S, Bylicki O, Vandemoortele T, Astoul P. Rev Mal Respir. The cartilage surrounding the trachea is not strong enough to hold it, With proper treatment of the condition, Acquired Tracheomalacia may resolve. We have a standard approach to find out who is a good candidate for surgery. 2023 Cedars-Sinai. After taking into consideration your or your child's condition and any other medical issues, the doctor will discuss the most appropriate course of action. Rarely, surgery is needed. Your prognosis depends on your individual situation. Your doctor may order tests to check the diagnosis and the seriousness of your condition. Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder that affects breathing patterns. Bronchoscopy-Guided Intervention Therapy With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support for Relapsing Polychondritis With Severe Tracheobronchomalacia: A Case Report and Literature Review. To manage your babys tracheomalacia, your healthcare provider may recommend: If your baby has severe tracheomalacia, your healthcare provider may recommend surgery. Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is a rare condition that occurs when the tissue that makes up the windpipe, or trachea, is soft and weak. Your trachea and bronchial tubes (bronchi) are flexible tubes that move the air you breathe in through your nose and mouth to tiny air sacs that pass the oxygen into your bloodstream. Tracheoplasty surgery is the long-term solution for TBM. This test lets healthcare providers assess your throat and esophagus as you swallow. Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is a rare condition that occurs when the tissue that makes up the windpipe, or trachea, is soft and weak. With normal breathing, as air is drawn into the lungs, the trachea grows wider and longer. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and past health problems. Tracheomalacia. This certainty can be obtained through a stent trial. Stents help healthcare providers decide if you need additional surgery. Exercise as approved by your healthcare provider. Esophageal atresia is a congenital disability (birth defect), which means that it forms during a baby's development before birth. The throat includes the esophagus; windpipe, also known as the trachea; voice box, also known as the larynx; tonsils; and epiglottis. Acquired tracheomalacia occurs most often in adults, though it can occur at any age. 2023 Cedars-Sinai. Choose a doctor and schedule an appointment. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event, (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23108414/). Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Financial Assistance Documents Minnesota, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 12/06/2022. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. A tracheostomy tube, if present, is removed. Difficulty breathing after everyday activities like climbing stairs or walking. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5227206/). Brigham and Womens Ambulatory Care Center, Infectious and Immunologic Disorders Programs, Respiratory Failure and End-Stage Lung Disease Programs, Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, New techniques to diagnose TBM (airway oscillometry and density-dependence of maximal expiratory flow), Advanced surgical approaches that lead to a shorter recovery time after surgery and less pain, Collaborative, team-based care from specialists such as pulmonary (lung) medicine specialists, thoracic surgeons, interventional pulmonologists, radiologists and anesthesiologists, Clinical research that leads to innovations in how we care for patients. Chest Surg Clin N Am, 13(2), 349-357, viii. Eating well to maintain a healthy weight. Adverts are the main source of Revenue for DoveMed. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Exposure to toxic gases such as mustard gas. 2012 Dec;29(10):1198-208. doi: 10.1016/j.rmr.2012.06.008. This is a rare condition where your aortic arch puts pressure on your trachea. Tracheomalacia is a condition in which the cartilage in the wall of the trachea softens resulting in a floppy or weak airway that collapses with breathing and makes breathing difficult. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Symptoms of tracheomalacia are often attributed to other conditions, such as emphysema or asthma. Sometimes the main bronchial tubes (airways in the lungs) are also abnormally floppy and the broader term tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is used. Sometimes the cough associated with TBM has a particular sound. Full recovery may take a few weeks to several months. Secondary TBM, when the disease develops due to another lung condition, such as, Wheezing when breathing out and a high-pitched noise when breathing in, Difficulty clearing mucus and phlegm from the throat, A bluish color to the skin surrounding the nose and mouth, Damage to the windpipe during a tracheostomy, where an incision is made into the windpipe and a tube is inserted to help with breathing, Chronic irritation due to coughing, as from. Tracheal stenosis is most commonly caused by inflammation and scarring that follows intubation, insertion of a breathing tube into the trachea during surgery, or when there is the need for mechanical ventilation (respirator). 2000-2022 The StayWell Company, LLC. Buitrago DH, Gangadharan SP, Majid A, Kent MS, Alape D, Wilson JL, Parikh MS, Kim DH. Ranging from mild to severe, tracheomalacia can lead to a number of issues, including noisy breathing, frequent coughing and choking during feeding (infants). The barium is tracked by X-rays taken as you swallow. Careers. Before surgery, all treatments for respiratory comorbidities should be optimized for at least four to eight weeks, because up to 40% of patients will report substantial improvement in symptoms, even in the absence of airway stabilization. As a result, the walls of your windpipe collapse or fall in, leading to a range of breathing issues. Accessed Jan. 7, 2016. Stridor in children. Archivos de Bronconeumologia. Ask your healthcare provider if this type of therapy is right for you. These medicines are called bronchodilators. The possible causes for Acquired Tracheomalacia include: The signs and symptoms associated with Acquired Tracheomalacia may include: For diagnosing Acquired Tracheomalacia the following tests may be conducted: Many clinical conditions may have similar signs and symptoms. Antibiotic medications to help fight the infection and reduce inflammation are often prescribed. Dr. Fernandez-Bussy concludes: "Expiratory central airway collapse is an underdiagnosed disorder that can coexist with and mimic asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis. eCollection 2021 Aug. J Thorac Dis. Using equipment (like plastic, hand-held devices) to help clear secretions from the lungs, especially in the context of respiratory tract infections. "Identification of expiratory central airway collapse (ECAC) is usually challenging," says Sebastian Fernandez-Bussy, M.D., Pulmonary Medicine, at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida. My collapse was a. Other tests such as a bronchoscopy may be used to look at the tissue within the chest wall or at the airway to examine inflammation or other signs of infection. All rights reserved. Babies born with tracheomalacia may have other congenital abnormalities, such as heart defects, developmental delays and gastroesophageal reflux. General Information: Until then a close monitor of the condition is necessary, The prognosis is generally good, if severe complications or respiratory infections do not develop, Adults and children both may be affected by Acquired Tracheomalacia, though it is a rare condition, Both male and female genders are affected, All races and ethnic groups can be affected, Any surgery that weakens the trachea, such as a tracheostomy, Individuals with tracheoesophageal fistula, Pressure exerted by the large blood vessels on the airways, It can occur as a complication when surgery is performed to repair tracheoesophageal fistula or esophageal atresia, Having a breathing tube or tracheostomy for a long time, Breathing difficulties that becomes worse with coughing, crying, or with other upper respiratory infections (like a common cold), Noisy breathing that changes as the physical position of the child changes; it may get better during sleep, A rattling sound may be heard when the individual breaths, Physical examination (also to assess the signs and symptoms) and evaluation of medical history, Chest X-ray: To check narrowing of the wind pipe, while exhaling, Laryngoscopy: A procedure used to view the structure of the airway and the severity of the infection (if any present). Children most commonly experience problems with a narrowed windpipe, although the problem can also occur in adults. Healthcare providers estimate between 4% and 13% of people with airway problems have TBM. Wright CD. It is also known as the windpipe. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Your doctor should tell you what time you or your child needs to stop eating and drinking in the hours before surgery. This repair surgery is called a tracheoplasty. A. O., Ginns, L. C., Moore, R. H., Halpern, E., Grillo, H. C., & McLoud, T. C. (2001). It depends on the type of tracheomalacia and the severity of the condition: In many cases, infants born with tracheomalacia improve over time usually by 24 months of age. Tawfik KO, et al. In 2013, surgeons developed a third option called hybrid, or one-and-a-half-stage reconstruction, that combines aspects of both single-stage and double-stage reconstruction. The prevalence increases to 37% in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other airway diseases. Pneumothorax, Tracheomalacia. The management of tracheobronchial obstruction in children. It remains open while you breathe or cough. They might ask about past respiratory infections or other respiratory issues, too. It can present either at birth or in adulthood with a cough, shortness of breath and/or recurrent infections. Relapsing polychondritis. Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) happens when your trachea (airway or windpipe) and bronchial tubes (airways leading to your lungs) are unusually floppy, weak and prone to closing down or collapsing. This can cause the tracheal wall to collapse and block the airway, making it hard to breathe. Surgical planning for tracheobronchoplasty requires distinguishing excessive dynamic airway collapse from tracheobronchomalacia. Instead, they support your trachea or eliminate one source of pressure on your trachea. People with TBM often also have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). How long your child may need sedation or breathing assistance depends on your child's other medical conditions and age. This can help smooth the recovery process. Many tracheal stenosis symptoms are the same for children and adults. Tracheomalacia can result in recurring respiratory illnesses or make it difficult to recover from a respiratory illness. Raol N, et al. This may lead to a vibrating noise or cough. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 94(4), 1356-1358. Here are some symptoms children and adults have in common: Difficulty breathing after everyday activities like climbing stairs or walking. 1746 7/9/17, 6:39 PM by Lisa Expiratory central airway collapse in adults: Anesthetic implications (Part 1). 2021 Nov 23;8:695505. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.695505. Reasons for this surgery include: Laryngotracheal reconstruction is a surgical procedure that carries a risk of side effects, including: Carefully follow your doctor's directions about how to prepare for surgery. East African medical journal, 78(6), 330-331. The disease is almost always found in babies and young children. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). Most people go on to live healthy lives with no complications. to analyze our web traffic. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event, (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34172215/), (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34129045/), (https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007310.htm), (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31985984/), Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). External tracheal stabilization technique for acquired tracheomalacia using a tailored silicone tube.

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