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puma punku map

    puma punku map

    Puma Punku - Google My Maps Puma Punku Puma Punku Sign in Open full screen to view more This map was created by a user. Why would it take them so damn long to come up with the transition from hunter/gatherers to agriculture/civilization only about 7000 years ago? It grew and expanded as its people did, reflecting the increasing power of the civilization that built and rebuilt it over hundreds of years. [25] Similarities between Ollantaytambo and Tiwanaku were also noticed by Heinrich Ubbelohde-Doering, Alphons Stbel and Max Uhle. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. Debunking the Mystery of the Abydos Carvings, A First of Its Kind - 8,500-Year-Old Wooden Ladder Found at atalhyk. The second largest stone block found within the complex is 7.90 metres (25.9 feet) long, 2.50 metres (8feet 2inches) wide, and averages 1.86 metres (6feet 1inch) thick. Pumapunku, a name that means "door of the puma," was a holy site started between 500 and 600 CE. Then, at the great civilizations peak, everything came crashing down. February 18-28, 2019 - Join Brien & irene on this adventure through Mexico to discover evidence of ancient technology, lost cultures, and incredible sites. The Pumapunku complex consists of an unwalled western court, a central unwalled esplanade, a terraced platform mound that is faced with stone, and a walled eastern court. Top Image: Megalithic cut stones at the Puma Punku archaeological site, Tiwanaku, Bolivia. [] Many T-shaped sockets are indeed found at Tiahuanaco in particular at the site of Puma Punku []. The backside of the gateway of the sun has patterns which can be found on the stone slabs and gates of Pumapunku. For example it has been shown that the much-admired carved block known as the "Escritorio del Inca" is an accurate and reduced-scale model of full-scale architecture. A neighboring complex appears to have burned, and some vessels that appear to have been dedicated to food storage were smashed. [56], "nested square" symbol inside one "H-block". Overall, argues Dunning, Puma Punku may not be a fantastic feat too great for humankind. Since the radiocarbon date came + Save your analysis in the openings section and create your repertoire. Have you ever wondered what it would be like to live in ancient Greece? She is the Chief Editor of Ancient Origins Magazine. Pumapunku's core consists of clay, while the fill under parts of its edge consists of river sand and cobbles instead of clay. Posnansky was one of the first modern explorers to examine the site but his hypothesis continues to have many supporters. Wikimedia CommonsThe Pumapunku archeological site. The mummies of Puma Punku, preserved on one of the Tiwanakus most sacred sites, provide evidence that all members of society from infants to the elderly regularly used psychoactive, hallucinogenic plants. People who disagree with this later date often argue that the radiocarbon dating results provided by anthropology professor William H. Isbell of the University of Illinois are inaccurate and provide an unreliable date range. We may add one more possible clue to this story. The name means door of the puma, and as far as archaeologists know, Puma Punku was a thriving, ancient town originating somewhere around 500 and 600 C.E. [35][36], There are at least two monoliths associated with the Pumapunku platform mound. In western Bolivia, a dramatic collection of stones, the remains of a vast temple complex, stand guard over an arid plane. 12 Spectacular Pueblos Blancos: A 2023 Andalusian Road Trip. When an Austrian explorer named Arthur Posnansky performed a study on Puma Punku back in 1926 he put forward the idea that its one of the oldest archaeological sites on the face of Earth - dating back to at least 13,000 BC. (99) The maps in question are preserved in the "Institute Tihuanacu de Antropologa, Etnologa y Prehistoria", La Paz, Miraflores, Calle Pinilla 556, founded by the author in the year 1914 with his own funds and without the aid of governments, institutions, or private individuals. Spanish Conquistadors and others who visited the site during the 16th and 17th centuries described it as a wondrous, though unfinished, building with gateways and windows carved from single blocks., Pumapunku displayed a level of craftsmanship that was largely unparalleled in the pre-Columbian New World, and its often considered the architectural peak of Andean lithic technology prior to the arrival of the Europeans. The red sandstone and andesite stones were cut in such a precise way that they fit perfectly into and lock with each other without using mortar. According to some theories, the Pumapunku complex and surrounding monumental structures like Akapana, Kalasasaya, Putuni, and Kerikala functioned as spiritual and ritual centers for the Tiwanaku. Beltane is an ancient Gaelic festival celebrating the beginning of summer and the renewal of life. One of these monoliths is the Pumapunku monolith (or Pumapunku stela). The conventional explanation for how the stones were worked says that they were first pounded with stone hammers to create depressions, then ground and polished smooth with sand and flat stones. Some authors believe that the Chachapumas demanded a "sacrifice" of humans when entering the monumental structures. Beneath the kilometer of arid earth that separates Pumapunku from the nearby Kalasasaya monument, archeologists and surveyors have discovered hundreds of buried homes and the evidence of vast irrigation systems that would have turned the surrounding desert green. For a time, the stone portraits found at Tiwanaku were believed to depict those first humans. [12] Modern engineers argue that base of Pumapunku was constructed using a technique called layering and depositing. We use cookies and similar technologies to run this website and help us make recommendations for you. Ecolodge Puma Punku is situated nearby to Embarcadero de Pilcu and Pilko Kaina. [9][10], After the area was mapped with a drone in 2016, the results showed the site has a size of seventeen hectares of which only two hectares are unearthed. The dead were often mummified, and occasionally bones show evidence of heavy cuts and scratch marks suggesting defleshing with sharp tools may have been a regular part of Tiwanaku burial practices. They call it "strikingly consistent choice of technical means" ("auffallend bereinstimmenden Wahl der technischen Mittel") which they think is due to "similar patterns in human way of thinking" ("Gesetzmssigkeit der menschlichen Denkentwickelung"). It is little wonder that Puma Punku continues to draw in curious minds with so many unanswered questions and alternative theories available to understanding its origins and creation. Puma Punku Stone Blocks Bolivia. During their peak centuries, the Tiwanaku culture dominated the Lake Titicaca basin as well as portions of Bolivia and Chile. Interviews with modern day stonemasons have revealed that even with todays advanced technology, it would be extremely difficult to replicate the precision observed in the stones found at Puma Punku. [5] The remarkable aspects of the sandstone slabs, including their size and smooth surfaces have drawn comments for several centuries. Therefore some assume that the gateway of the sun once formed the main entrance to Pumapunku.[43]. Several conflicting theories attempt to imagine the ways this labor force transported the stones, although these theories remain speculative. At Pumapunku several miniature gates which are perfect replicas of once standing full-size gateways were found. The ruins of Pumapunku, where the open courtyard was likely to have stood. 2 Full-day Tours from $135.00 per adult (price varies by group size) Tour in Tiwanaku Archaeological Ruins 15 Bus Tours from $37.95 per adult Private Tour: Tiwanaku Archeological Site from La Paz 3 Bus Tours from $126.00 per adult (price varies by group size) 10-Day Private Journey Peru and Bolivia 2 Historic photograph of the architecture on the east side of the Pumapunku platform taken by Max Uhle in 1893 Full size image There are two basic elements of this structure: sandstone slabs that served as the foundation, and andesite blocks that were superstructure. Visual History Online-Nachschlagewerk fr die historische Bildforschung: "Palaces and Politics in the Andean Middle Horizon", "The secrets of Tiwanaku, revealed by a drone", Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, "Drugs Found in Hair of Ancient Andean Mummies", "Reckoning with the Popular Uptake of Alien Archaeology", Interactive Archaeological Investigation at Pumapunku Temple, "Skeptoid #202: The Non-Mystery of Puma Punku", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pumapunku&oldid=1152279530, an alignment of plazas and ramps centered on a man-made terraced platform mound with a sunken court and monumental complex on top, sifted and layered soils (mound), andesite (superstructure), sandstone (foundation and internal channels), ternary CuAsNi bronze alloy (cramps), mortar of lime and sand with ground-up malachite (turquoise green plaster floor), clay (red floor), This page was last edited on 29 April 2023, at 07:51. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there existcountless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts thathave yet to be discovered and explained. But what they left behind was so magnificent that when the Inca found its ruins 500 years later, they thought Pumapunku must be the spot where the gods had created the world. Based on the specific gravity of the red sandstone from which it was carved, this stone slab is estimated to weigh 131 tonnes (144 short tons). These stones, he wrote, suggest prefabrication not found at the other Tiwanaku sites. [19] Within Peru T-shaped sockets can also be found at the Qorikancha and Ollantaytambo. On the more conventional side, its suggested that the stonemasons were just very capable with the tools available to them and there was a lot of manual labor involved in transporting and working the stones. But the temple the Tiwanaku knew during the height of their empire would have been magnificent. Wikimedia CommonsPieces of Pumapunku that show the complex system by which the bricks were slotted together. She was known for her intelligence, beauty, and powerful political acumen. The ancient site known as Puma Punku on the Altiplano of Bolivia and just south of Lake Titicaca is part of the Tiwanaku complex. Vranich said the ruins were reminiscent of a giant Lego set, and he said, We attempted to capitalize on archaeologists learned ability to visualize and mentally rotate irregular objects in space by providing them with 3-D printed objects that they could physically manipulate., Gizmodo notes that Puma Punku was an advanced Andean architectural achievement. Every decision we make is inspired by our vision to empower a community of individuals to come together to build a more conscious world. No matter how fine the hammerstone's point, it could never produce the crisp right interior angles seen on Tiahuanaco stonework. While many of the structures are still standing centuries after their inhabitants disappeared, most of the buildings are scattered and broken around the area, leaving researchers to wonder what possibly could have tossed around impossibly heavy buildings. Skeptic. Id guess it was a work-in-progress site that was hit from a deadlyradiation wave from the Atlantis destruction, circa 115k BC, adding the zero back to Platos timeline. It remains to be shown whether their forays into other dimensions offered these early people a special insight into how to create their megaliths or even how to contact beings who could teach them advanced methodologies. . The blocks were fit together like a puzzle, forming load-bearing joints. Brian Dunning, the host of the Skeptoid podcast, described the sites row of H-shaped blocks that have approximately 80 faces on them; and all matching each other with great precision. The architectural historians Jean-Pierre and Stella Nair who conducted the first professional field study on the stones of Tiwanaku/Pumapunku conclude: [] to obtain the smooth finishes, the perfectly planar faces and exact interior and exterior right angles on the finely dressed stones, they resorted to techniques unknown to the Incas and to us at this time. ", One gateway at Pumapunku with similar iconography to the Gateway of the Sun, Nested structures which are typical for Pumapunku Style architecture, Cramp technique at Tiwanaku (above) compared to the one in, Vranich, A., 2006, "The Construction and Reconstruction of Ritual Space at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: A.D. 500-1000. The Mysterious Blocks Of Puma Punku. Precisely carved stone at Pumapunku ruins, Pre-Columbian archaeological site, Bolivia. On the northeast and southeast corners of the complex, rectangular projections measuring roughly 88 feet in length each extend beyond the basic shape of the mound, giving the site somewhat of a T-shaped design. [54] Vranich notes that generations of amateur, fringe and pseudo-archeologist claimed that the "apparent geometric perfection of Tiwanaku architecture" is a result of extraterrestrial intervention or a lost super civilization instead attributing the ruins to the inhabitants of the Titicaca basin. [50][pageneeded], Pumapunku is subject of pseudoscience theories on lost continents and extraterrestrial interventions. A Visual Tour (Video), Behind the Scenes of Ancient Greece: Exploring the Daily Life of its People (Video), Trove of Ancient Artifacts Discovered in Paestum Include Dolphin Statuette of Eros, TheiaGreek Goddess of Light, the Sun, the Moon, and Wisdom, Greeces East Attica In Antiquity: Playground Of Gods, Heroes And Heroines, A Face to the Legend: The Quest to Reconstruct Cleopatra's Look (Video), Aspasia - The Real-Life Helen of Troy? The roofs of the entrance to Pumapunku were most likely out of Totora-reed stones. I-cramps of unknown composition were used to hold together the massive slabs forming Pumapunku's four large platforms. Cleopatra, the last pharaoh of Egypt, is one of the most iconic figures in history. + Solve puzzles from real games Tiwanaku was the major culture in the region between 700 and 1000 AD, and they controlled not only the Lake Titicaca area , but also stretched their hold over other parts of Bolivia, Peru, and Chile. There are two additional platforms still underground. But some researchers have contested this, pointing out that new climate research suggests the regions drought didnt begin until decades after the start of the Tiwanaku civilizations collapse. [] A variant of this argument is that Tiahuanacoid elements were brought to Ollantaytambo by [] stonemasons from Lake Titicaca. [3][5], Archaeologists dispute the transport of these stones was by the large labor force of ancient Tiwanaku. Available at: https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-018-0231-0. Virtual reconstruction of an entire andesite building at Puma Punku. The construction tools of the Tiahuanacans, with perhaps the possible exception of hammerstones, remain essentially unknown and have yet to be discovered. What is Gobekli Tepe? Standard academics believe it was created by the Bronze Age Tiwanaku people between 1000 and 2000 years ago, but they ignore the fact that bronze tools can not cut the stone above, which Canadian geologist Suzan Moore believes is granite. These mysteries have arisen ever since the Inca civilization first laid eyes on the ruins of a site that was abandoned centuries before they came across it. Several stones have been repurposed for other construction projects, and scholars also believe that many pieces of jewelry, ornaments, metal artifacts, and bright potsherds have been dug up and removed. There were almost no markets; goods were distributed by the elites, those who owned the means of production. [26], At least five gateways (and several blind miniature gateways) were once (or were intended to be) integrated into the Pumapunku monumental complex. The Inca people accepted those legends and added that Viracocha their creator god (and the figure depicted on the Sun Gate in their interpretation) first made humans at that site. The Controversial Lapedo Child A Neanderthal / Human Hybrid? 11,000-Year-Old Shigir Idol Dated Twice as Old as the Pyramids, John Anthony West: Pioneer of Ancient Civilization Theories Passes Away, Scientists Think Our Ancestors Spoke One Mother Language. The massive stones are carved into blocks that are unlike anything found anywhere. Faces carved by the Tiwanaku at Tiwanaku City, an example of the art the great civilization left behind. Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. [37][38] There is evidence that like in the case of Akapana sculptures known as Chachapumas once were guarding the entrance to Pumapunku. https://lookoomehome.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/11a-ponce-monolith-tiwa https://cdn.xxl.thumbs.canstockphoto.com/tiwanaku-monolith-closeup-view- https://www.travelyesplease.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/IMG_3670-Edit https://images.fineartamerica.com/images/artworkimages/mediumlarge/1/ten Just like with the ancient Greek (or Atlantean-era) statues from Africa, Europe, and Asia, THE NOSES ARE SMASHED OFF. These structures transformed the local landscape; Pumapunku was integrated with Illimani mountain. When Did the Americas Actually Become Inhabited? Additionally to these miniature gateways, likely, at least five gateways (and several blind miniature gateways) were once (or were intended to be) integrated into the Pumapunku monumental complex. Available at: https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4202, Newman, H. (2018) New Discoveries at Tiwanaku & Puma Punku: The Lost Statue of Viracocha and Secret Rooms of Hidden Artifacts. Ancient Origins. As the population of the Tiwanaku society grew, so too did the number of skilled craftsmen and artisans. Theirs was the dominant culture of Bolivias Lake Titicaca basin, and their empire extended into Bolivia, Peru, and Chile. The architectural historian Jean-Pierre Protzen from University of California, Berkeley states that in the past it often has been argued that among the buildings at Ollantaytambo the monumental structures (e. g. the Wall of the six monoliths) were the work of the earlier Tiwanaku culture and have been reused by the Incas: An argument persists that the Wall of the six monoliths and the vanished structures from which the blocks have been recycled predate the Incas and were work of the earlier Tiahuanaco culture. I am sure you are familiar with his legend which states that he was born in a manger surrounded by shepherds, What's your favourite Fairy Tales (and their possible origins), about Fathoming the Ruins of Yanmen Shan Mountain and the Biggest Cut Rocks in the World, about Ancient Egyptian Weapons: The Evolution of Warfare, about The Cataclysm of Ra: Saving Humankind from Hathor Using Beer, about Helicopter Hieroglyphs? In the past, the Tiwanaku culture had made the area an agricultural and trading center which may have supported up to 400,000 people during its heyday. [14] According to the art historian Jessica Joyce Christie, the experiments of Jean-Pierre Protzen and Stella Nair showed that the Tiwanaku artisans may have possessed additional tools which facilitated the creation of exact geometric cuts and forms and of which archeology has no record at this time.[15]. In addition, some of the stones were held together with copper fasteners, some of which were cold hammered into shape, and others that were poured into place molten.. Robinson, Eugene (1990). Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}163342S 684048W / 16.56169S 68.67993W / -16.56169; -68.67993. The debate on Puma Punkus construction date and its builders continues. Places like Nan Madol, Gobekli Tepe, the Hawara plain, Puma Punku and others on every continent have been shown to date at over 10,000 years old. Tiwanaku engineers were also adept at developing a civic infrastructure at this complex, constructing functional irrigation systems, hydraulic mechanisms, and waterproof sewage lines. Pumapunku and its surrounding homes and monuments emptied suddenly.

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