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cfi notebook navigation and flight planning

    cfi notebook navigation and flight planning

    The objective of IFR en route flight is to navigate within the lateral limits of a designated airway at an altitude consistent with the ATC clearance Your ability to fly instruments safely and competently in the system is greatly enhanced by understanding the vast array of data available to the pilot on instrument charts Considerations for selection of either are: Are they small enough to be considered a "point? A Remote Communications Outlet (RCO) associated with a NAVAID is designated by a thin-lined box with the controlling AFSS frequency above the box and the name under the box, Without an associated facility, the thin-lined RCO box contains the AFSS name and remote frequency, Automated Surface Observing Station (ASOS) and Automated Weather Observing Station (AWOS) are continuously transmitted over selected NAVAIDs and depicted in the NAVAID box, ASOS/AWOS are depicted by a white "A" in a solid black circle in the upper right or left corner. The Certified Flight Instructor's (CFI) notebook is the critical reference material gathered throughout flight training. (See paragraph 5-4-18. The 13 Colonies (an odd number) were on the east coast of the U.S. NEODD SWEVEN: North East Odd, South West Even, Once a route has been chosen, you need to calculate headings/courses to be flown. If you need to travel 10 NM, and you have a ground speed of 100 knots, how long will it take? Continue searching. Within PBN there are two main categories of navigation methods: In this context, the term RNAV "x" means a specific navigation specification with a specified lateral accuracy value, For an aircraft to meet the requirements of PBN, a specified RNAV or RNP accuracy must be met 95 percent of the flight time, RNP is an RNAV system that includes onboard performance monitoring and alerting capability (for example, Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)), PBN also introduces the concept of navigation specifications (Nav Specs) which are a set of aircraft and aircrew requirements needed to support a navigation application within a defined airspace concept, For both RNP and RNAV NavSpecs, the numerical designation refers to the lateral navigation accuracy in nautical miles which is expected to be achieved at least 95 percent of the flight time by the population of aircraft operating within the airspace, route, or procedure, This information is detailed in International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) Doc 9613, Performance-based Navigation (PBN) Manual and the latest FAA AC 90-105, Approval Guidance for RNP Operations and Barometric Vertical Navigation in the U.S. National Airspace System and in Remote and Oceanic Airspace, RNAV is a method of navigation that permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground- or space-based navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self-contained aids, or a combination of these. navigation and flight planning diversions Diversions Introduction: Diversions are deviations from the original plan which are usually due to fuel, weather, aeromedical or systems While no one plans to divert, the first time the situation dictates a diversion, you should have already planned ahead The data is available by subscription only and is distributed on CD-ROM or by ftp download arrivals, and GPS/RNAV instrument approach, These digital VFR charts are geo-referenced images of FAA Sectional Aeronautical, TAC, and Helicopter Route charts. Those subject areas are all listed below: Fundamentals of Instruction The Learning Process Human Behavior and Effective Communication The Teaching Process Teaching Methods Critique and Evaluation Copyright 2023 CFI Notebook, All rights reserved. With this comes the need to keep things organized to reduce Foreign Object Debris (FOD) and confusion in flight. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Aeronautical Information Manual (1-2-2) Required Navigation Performance (RNP), Aeronautical Information Manual (5-1-16) RNAV and RNP Operations, Aeronautical Information Manual (5-5-16) RNAV and RNP Operations, Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, Required Navigation Performance, or RNP, is RNAV with the added requirement for onboard performance monitoring and alerting (OBPMA), RNP standards are required for operation within a certain airspace, A critical component of RNP is the ability of the aircraft navigation system to monitor its achieved navigation performance, and to identify for the pilot whether the operational requirement is, or is not, being met during an operation, RNP capability of the aircraft is a major component in determining the separation criteria to ensure that the overall containment of the operation is met, OBPMA capability therefore allows a lessened reliance on air traffic control intervention and/or procedural separation to achieve the overall safety of the operation, The RNP capability of an aircraft will vary depending upon the aircraft equipment and the navigation infrastructure [, For example, an aircraft may be eligible for RNP 1, but may not be capable of RNP 1 operations due to limited NAVAID coverage or avionics failure. While there is a high expectation of knowledge among pilots, none can do so without periodically referencing old topics. If you are traveling at 100 knots ground speed for 6 minutes, how far will you travel? CFI Notebook Aviation Information comes from a variety of sources, which requires a lifetime of dedication to perfect. Plot the winds on your E6B Flight Computer: Place the wind direction under the "True Index" arrow, Using a reference line on the E6B scale, measure up and plot the velocity, Rotate the compass rose until your True Course is under the True Index pointer, Move the entire compass until the plot is over your True Airspeed, Note which side of the True Index the plot falls, and by how much based on the scale provided, If it is located on the left of the line, it must be subtracted from the True Course, If it is located on the right of the line, it must be added to the True Course, Heading/courses can be expressed as either true or magnetic, True north is the direction along the earth's surface towards the geographic North Pole, It is the northerly point furthest from the equator (90N), True headings can therefore be measured on most aeronautical maps, including sectionals, by reference to true north, Draw a straight line between two points (airports, checkpoints, etc.) Use the capabilities of your avionics suite to verify the appropriate waypoint and track data after loading the procedure from your database, Lateral Accuracy values are applicable to a selected airspace, route, or procedure, The lateral accuracy value is a value typically expressed as a distance in nautical miles from the intended centerline of a procedure, route, or path, RNP applications also account for potential errors at some multiple of lateral accuracy value (for example, twice the RNP lateral accuracy values), In the U.S., RNP APCH procedures are titled RNAV (GPS) and offer several lines of minima to accommodate varying levels of aircraft equipage: either lateral navigation (LNAV), LNAV/vertical navigation (LNAV/VNAV), Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance (LPV), and Localizer Performance (LP). One engine inoperative during straight-and-level flight and turns (AMEL, AMES) Task C. One Engine Inoperative - Instrument Approach (AMEL, AMES) Task D. Approach with Loss of Primary Flight Instrument Indicators. Continue searching. Before conducting these procedures, operators should refer to the latest AC 90-101, Approval Guidance for RNP Procedures with AR. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, CFI Notebook.net - Airways and Route Course Navigation, Instrument Flying Handbook (1-6) IFR En-Route Charts, The objective of IFR en route flight is to navigate within the, Your ability to fly instruments safely and competently in the system is greatly enhanced by understanding the vast array of data available to the pilot on instrument charts, En route high-altitude charts provide aeronautical information for en route instrument navigation at or above 18,000' MSL, Information includes the portrayal of Jet and RNAV routes, identification and frequencies of radio aids, selected airports, distances, time zones, special use airspace, and related information, Established jet routes from 18,000' MSL to FL 450 use NAVAIDs not more than 260 NM apart, To effectively depart from one airport and navigate en route under instrument conditions, a pilot needs the appropriate IFR en route low-altitude chart(s), The IFR low altitude en route chart is the instrument equivalent of the sectional chart, When folded, the cover of the AeroNav Products en route chart displays an index map of the United States showing the coverage areas, Cities near congested airspace are shown in black type and their associated area chart is listed in the box in the lower left-hand corner of the map coverage box, Also noted is an explanation of the off-route obstruction clearance altitude (OROCA), The effective date of the chart is printed on the other side of the folded chart, Information concerning MTRs is also included on the chart cover, The en route charts are revised every 56 days, When the AeroNav Products en route chart is unfolded, the legend is displayed and provides information concerning airports, NAVAIDs, communications, air traffic services, and airspace, Airport information is provided in the legend, and the symbols used for the airport name, elevation, and runway length are similar to the sectional chart presentation, Associated city names are shown for public airports only, FAA identifiers are shown for all airports, ICAO identifiers are also shown for airports outside of the contiguous United States, Instrument approaches can be found at airports with blue or green symbols, while the brown airport symbol denotes airports that do not have instrument approaches, Stars are used to indicate the part-time nature of tower operations, Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) frequencies, part-time or on request lighting facilities, and part-time airspace classifications, The minimum en route altitude (MEA) ensures a navigation signal strong enough for adequate reception by the aircraft navigation (NAV) receiver and obstacle clearance along the airway, Communication is not necessarily guaranteed with MEA compliance, The obstacle clearance, within the limits of the airway, is typically 1,000' in non-mountainous areas and 2,000' in designated mountainous areas, MEAs can be authorized with breaks in the signal coverage; if this is the case, the AeroNav Products en route chart notes "MEA GAP" parallel to the affected airway, MEAs are usually bidirectional; however, they can be single-directional, Arrows are used to indicate the direction to which the MEA applies, The minimum obstruction clearance altitude (MOCA), as the name suggests, provides the same obstruction clearance as an MEA; however, the NAV signal reception is ensured only within 22 NM of the closest NAVAID defining the route, The MOCA is listed below the MEA and indicated on AeroNav Products charts by a leading asterisk (e.g., "*3400" - see Figure 1-2, V287 at bottom left), The minimum reception altitude (MRA) identifies the lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined from an off-course NAVAID, If the reception is line-of-sight based, signal coverage only extends to the MRA or above, However, if the aircraft is equipped with distance measuring equipment (DME) and the chart indicates the intersection can be identified with such equipment, the pilot could define the fix without attaining the MRA, On AeroNav Products charts, the MRA is indicated by the symbol, The minimum crossing altitude (MCA) is charted when a higher MEA route segment is approached, The MCA is usually indicated when a pilot is approaching steeply rising terrain and obstacle clearance and/or signal reception is compromised, In this case, the pilot is required to initiate a climb so the MCA is reached by the time the intersection is crossed, On AeroNav Products charts, the MCA is indicated by the symbol, The maximum authorized altitude (MAA) is the highest altitude at which the airway can be flown with assurance of receiving adequate navigation signals, Chart depictions appear as "MAA-15000." Information on available Canadian charts and publications may be obtained from designated FAA chart agents or by contacting the: Information on available Mexican charts and publications may be obtained by contacting: A free ICAO Publications and Audio-Visual Training Aids Catalogue is available from: The FAA publishes a list of charts and publications with the, Additional information regarding content on aeronautical charts can be found in the. There are several potential advantages of RNAV routes and procedures: Reduced dependence on radar vectoring, altitude, and speed assignments allowing a reduction in required ATC radio transmissions, and, In addition to information found in this manual, guidance for domestic RNAV DPs, STARs, and routes may also be found in Advisory Circular 90-100(), U.S. Terminal and En Route Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations, RNAV procedures, such as DPs and STARs, demand strict pilot awareness and maintenance of the procedure centerline, Pilots should possess a working knowledge of their aircraft navigation system to ensure RNAV procedures are flown in an appropriate manner, In addition, pilots should have an understanding of the various waypoint and leg types used in RNAV procedures; these are discussed in more detail below, A waypoint is a predetermined geographical position that is defined in terms of latitude/longitude coordinates, Waypoints may be a simple named point in space or associated with existing navaids, intersections, or fixes, A waypoint is most often used to indicate a change in direction, speed, or altitude along the desired path, RNAV procedures make use of both fly-over and fly-by waypoints, Fly-by waypoints are used when an aircraft should begin a turn to the next course prior to reaching the waypoint separating the two route segments. ), You need not pass directly over a positive landmark for it to be useful to you, Be cautious of man-made landmarks as they may have changed, moved, or no longer exist, Water features are depicted using two tones of blue, and are considered either "Open Water" or "Inland Water", "Open Water," a lighter blue tone, shows the shoreline limitations of all coastal water features at the average (mean) high water levels for oceans and seas, Light blue also represents the connecting waters like bays, gulfs, sounds, fjords, and large estuaries, Exceptionally large lakes like the Great Lakes, Great Salt Lake, and Lake Okeechobee, etc., are considered Open Water features, The Open Water tone extends inland as far as necessary to adjoin the darker blue "Inland Water" tones, All other bodies of water are marked as "Inland Water" in the darker blue tone, Can be positively identified but not specifically plotted because they extend for some distance, Features such as roads, railroads, coastlines, power lines and rivers may make good timing checkpoints if they are perpendicular to the course line and have other specific environmental particulars that identify your position, Rivers and power lines must be easy to find, either isolated or large so they are unmistakable with confirming landmarks so they can be confirmed, Railroads and major highways are almost always depicted on aeronautical charts, Features that a pilot suspects he can correlate with the chart, but they may not be fully reliable, Landmarks such as oil wells, and windmills may be repetitious. When operating below 18,000 feet MSL and: When operating above 18,000 feet MSL, maintain the altitude or flight level assigned by ATC, Account for changes in direction of flight along a flight plan and corresponding altitude changes to meet the standard, ATC may give other restrictions if you are under their control, say with, IFR Cruising Altitudes can be found by referencing FAR 91.179. In such airspace, the RNAV 10 NavSpec will be applied, so any aircraft eligible for RNP 10 will be deemed eligible for RNAV 10 operations. GBAS Landing System (GLS) procedures are also constructed using RNP APCH NavSpecs and provide precision approach capability. Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Flight Plans: FAA Form 7233-1, Flight Plan Flight plans are a result of the deliberate planning process which results in a tool for both the pilot and Air Traffic Control Completed and filed on the FAA Form 7233-1, flight plans provide basic times and locations to track flights and manage traffic The Chart Supplement U.S. shows data that cannot be readily depicted in graphic form; e.g. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Products: Flight Information Publication (FLIP) Planning Documents, FLIP En-route Charts and Chart Supplements, FLIP Instrument Approach Procedures (IAPs), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), https://www.icao.int/publications/Pages/catalogue.aspx, Aeronautical Information Manual (9-1-1) General, Aeronautical Information Manual (9-1-2) Obtaining Aeronautical Charts, Aeronautical Information Manual (9-1-3) Selected Charts and Products Available, Aeronautical Information Manual (9-1-4) General Description of each Chart Series, Aeronautical Information Manual (9-1-5) Where and How to Get Charts of Foreign Areas, Federal Aviation Administration - Aeronautical Chart User's Guide, Federal Aviation Administration - AeroNav, Federal Aviation Administration - AeroNav Digital Products, Federal Aviation Administration - Pilot/Controller Glossary, Civil aeronautical charts for the U.S. and its territories and possessions are produced by the. allow for you to preview checkpoints, Can be positively identified and plotted as a point on a chart (i.e., mountains, large bodies of water, etc. RNP AR DP is intended to provide specific benefits at specific locations. The system must be able to retrieve the procedure by name from the aircraft navigation database, not just as a manually entered series of waypoints, Whenever possible, RNAV routes (Q- or T-route) should be extracted from the database in their entirety, rather than loading RNAV route waypoints from the database into the flight plan individually. When an MEA, MOCA, and/or MAA change on a segment other than at a NAVAID, a sideways "T" (, If there is an airway break without the symbol, one can assume the altitudes have not changed (see the upper left area of Figure 1-2), When a change of MEA to a higher MEA is required, the climb may commence at the break, ensuring obstacle clearance. COPs are prescribed for Federal airways, jet routes, area navigation routes, or other direct routes for which an MEA is designated under 14 CFR Part 95 The COP is a point along the route or airway segment between two adjacent navigation facilities or waypoints where changeover in navigation guidance should occur cfi. Additional data elements will be added in subsequent releases to include: departure procedures, standard terminal procedures. ), Advanced RNP is a NavSpec with a minimum set of mandatory functions enabled in the aircraft's avionics suite. airport hours of operations, types of fuel available, runway widths, lighting codes, etc. XC Planning Checklist (Jeppeson GFM) Pilotage Navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpoints. The separate Equipment Requirements box will list ground-based equipment and/or airport specific requirements. It is the sole aircraft position-reporting source for Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B). These events are geographically limited, coordinated, scheduled, and advertised via GPS and/or WAAS NOTAMS. Use of RNP 0.3 by slow-flying fixed-wing aircraft is under consideration, but the RNP 0.3 NavSpec initially will apply only to rotorcraft operations. ), The RNP 0.3 NavSpec requires a lateral accuracy value of 0.3 for all authorized phases of flight. Leg transition normally occurs at the turn bisector for a fly-by waypoint. In the future, there will be an increased dependence on the use of RNAV in lieu of routes defined by ground-based navigation aids, RNAV routes and terminal procedures, including departure procedures (DPs) and standard terminal arrivals (STARs), are designed with RNAV systems in mind. (See also the latest AC 91-70, Oceanic and Remote Continental Airspace Operations, for more information on oceanic RNP/RNAV operations. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Sitemap | Patreon | Contact, U.S. Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP), Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP) Charts, Instrument Departure Procedure (DP) Charts, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Planning Chart, The Digital Aeronautical Information CD (DAICD). Flight Management System (FMS): An FMS is an integrated suite of sensors, receivers, and computers, coupled with a navigation database These systems generally provide performance and RNAV guidance to displays and automatic flight control systems Inputs can be accepted from multiple sources such as GPS, DME, VOR, LOC and IRU When using full automation, pilots should monitor the aircraft to ensure the aircraft is turning at appropriate lead times and descending once established on-course, Pilots flying TSO-C129 navigation system equipped aircraft without full automation should use normal lead points to begin the turn. ", Checkpoints should be appropriately 10 NM apart, They may be points off the route which you can identify when abeam, Use of tools such as satellite maps (Google, Bing, etc.) Other "advanced" options for use in the en route environment (such as fixed radius transitions and Time of Arrival Control) are optional in the U.S.

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