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[1], Heller was the eldest of four children. Learn more about Charles Dance's age, movies, youth, affair, height, and facts. Her mother was Taube Rebecca (ne Litwin), and her father was a merchant, Aryeh Leib "Leo" Broddo (or Braude; died . Marte Michelets book contains a series of claims that should be examined and checked. 2023 The Times of Israel , All Rights Reserved, Sheldon Kirshner is a journalist in Toronto. Soon the men are all sent to a workcamp, where they face abuse at the . Anna Braude Heller (or Hellerowa; born 6 January 1888, Warsaw died on or around 19 April 1943, Warsaw) was a physician who worked in the Warsaw Ghetto during World War II. They were working to find alternative roles for . Eirik Svenssons spare, hard-hitting feature film, Betrayed, boldly exposes Norways heartless and callous betrayal of its Jewish community during the Holocaust. Its a film of desperately upsetting details. Mann med stor M. Han var rettferdig og rlig, og var samtidig stille og mystisk. A Scandinavian folk includes people who actively collaborated with the Nazis? Benzel (Michaelis Koutsogian) and Sara (Pia Halverson) ooze pride as Charles recites a Jewish prayer. Charles, the younger brother of Princess Diana, allegedly walked out on . Betrayed, which will be available on VOD platforms from December 3 onward, is based on real events, charting the bitter fate of Norways Jews through the experiences of the Braude family in Oslo. Det er en skam, og har nok preget min far og farfar mye, men til og med jeg som barnebarn kjenner at dette er urettferdig. - Du vet, nr man fr et klaps p trynet av en drittunge p noen-og-tyve r under en appell, da Pappa visste at vakten var fra Stavanger. Norwegian media widely called it an attack on Michelet and her book. One early morning, sirens wail. But negotiations for this marriage dragged on, until Charles made a personal visit to Spain in an attempt to secure the Infanta, travelling incognito with George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. We would rather talk about the resistance groups and focus on our heroes., If you like what were doing, please consider a donation. As a flyweight, he won numerous championships, both at home and abroad. On December 1, 1942, as the first trainload of Norwegian Jews reach Auschwitz-Birkenau, the screen goes temporarily black. In David Michaelis's 2007 biography of Charles Schultz, the author detailed an affair that the Peanuts-comic-strip creator had in the early 70s with a young office worker while still married to his wife of nearly 20 years.Schultz was reportedly so smitten by his junior love interest, Tracey Claudius--who was 25 when she met Schultz, then 48--that he sent her notes and gifts honoring each month . In 1992, Charles joined the . Charles Braude gikk bort i 1991, 76 r gammel. En ung mann og en ung kvinne fra to forskjellige byer, noen mil unna hverandre i Litauen, har funnet kjrligheten. ret etter gifter Benzel seg med sin to r yngre kusine Sara Bertha Braude. This includes his assets, money, and income. Ganske nyaktig n mned senere blir ogs Sara arrestert, og sendt til Amerikalinjens kai i Oslo der ogs ektemannen og de to snnene Harry og Isak er. In a sign of the times, Charles boxing club is closed because its members have not pledged allegiance to Quislings fascist party. Hele grden er litt av en skam for Oslo. Why is Frank McCourt really pushing it? Charles married first name Braude (born Martinsen). Witnesses offer conflicting accounts, Mars Voltas lead singer broke with Scientology and reunited with the band. Benzel blithely assures her they are safe in Norway. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 22:42. She also published a commentary headlined We could have been allied that was published simultaneously in Dagsavisen, Aftenposten, Morgenbladet, Klassekampen, Vrt Land and VG. A total of 773 Norwegian Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. 13 kvm og kjkkenet ca 5 kvm. Well, the Swedes often poke fun of their Scandinavian brothers for being slow moving. Reviewed for Shockya.com & BigAppleReviews.net, linked from Rotten Tomatoes by Harvey Karten Intet skal derfor utleveres til en av dem. She continued to actively support her husbands cause from abroad until he was executed in 1649. Its both correct and important that we challenge the Norwegian story about the second world war.. It's an intimate ceremony, just Charles' mother, and the parents of Compagnon, who look thoroughly disapproving. March 17, 2020. jgh eespresso loginnvidia style gan github. Jeg tr samtidig bekrefte at jeg gjennem dem fr anvist husleien for begge de beslaglagte leiligheter i grden. Filmen regisseres av Leif Sinding, som med tiden skal bli tildelt jobben som NS-filmdirektr. Norwegian prisoner register person ID. Steven Spielberg once said of Schindlers List that he was telling a story of the Holocaust, not the story. In 1942 Sara, Benzel and two of their three sons were deported to Auschwitz and killed. Her ender firebarnsmoren Sara Braude og ektemannen Benzel Braude sine liv. Opens: December 3, 2021. jgh eespresso login. Han representerer Norge bde i inn- og utland, og deltar ved Arbeiderolympiaden i Antwerpen i 1936. Han var en fantastisk fyr. New attention on Norwegian complicity in the arrests and deportation of Norwegian Jews during World War II has implicated wartime resistance heroes and set off massive public debate. - P vegne av familien kan jeg si at vi fler oss veldig beret. [2], Heller moved into the hospital, now part of Warsaw's Jewish ghetto, at the start of World War II. 2023 News In English | [3], In 1942 and 1943, Heller refused to leave the hospital and the children she was trying to care for but did help her surviving son and his family escape the ghetto; they survived the war. His family had left Lithuania in 1910 because of anti . The hospital's mortality rates were unavoidably high, despite the best efforts of the hospital's staff and workers. Samtidig har ekteskapet mellom Charles og Ragnhild begynt skrante. for honor player count xbox 202110; steve porcaro rosanna arquette; university of portland tennis; chemung county eviction court Ingen visste. It was only after the Duke was assassinated in 1628 that Charles turned to his wife and the two became closer. En liten datter som fr navnet Helene Dora Braude. A total of 773 Norwegian Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. Allerede i juni 1941 blir Benzel Braude arrestert og sendt til Grini fangeleir utenfor Oslo. - Han var en fighter, og ikke redd for noen ting. [2], Back in Poland, Heller (a.k.a. We didnt learn much about it in school, he said, adding that the role of the Norwegian police in deporting the Jews has been under-communicated., Were used to thinking that the Germans were behind it, and thats perhaps a more comfortable thought, Oftebro said. Were not completely heartless, says one of the officials self-servingly. Benzel blithely assures her they are safe in Norway. - Vi er en ordentlig boksefamilie, og lidenskapen for bde store og sm i familien vr er boksing. Og til tross for at det egentlig bare var tenkt vre en markering av Patrick og Harry, dukket familie fra Sverige og England opp p nedleggelsen. Categories . Ragnhild tries to help Sara, but her effort is in vain. Benzel (Michaelis Koutsogian) and Sara (Pia Halverson) ooze pride as Charles recites a Jewish prayer. Jeg s det i ham da han levde. Hellerowa) co-founded the Wodzimierz Medem Sanatorium in Miedzeszyn near Warsaw. For nr krigen er over, og Charles returnerer hjem til Grnerlkka, innser han at det ikke bare er foreldrene og brdrene som er forsvunnet - ogs familiens eiendeler er borte. While Bulgaria managed to save all its Jewish citizens and Denmark did as well, notes commentator Lars West Johnsen, Norways Jewish community was mostly wiped out, nor did they receive much sympathy or assistance when those who survived the war returned. She also suggested that instead of tearing her work apart the three historians could rather have done their own research and addressed the subject in their own book.There are still so many unanswered about the Holocaust in Norway that they could use their energy on, Michelet said. vrige kilder: Jdisk museum i Oslo, Riksarkivet, Den strste forbrytelsen av Marte Michelet, Oslo norske leksikon og HL-senteret. Boksegleden smitter over p snnen Harry, som igjen overfrer dette til sine snner og barnebarn. bruker dataene til forbedre og tilpasse tjenestene, tilbudene og annonsene Germanys invasion has begun. Ultimately while most of the Jews, over 700, were shipped out on the Donau to Auschwitz (a secretary states, Were finally getting rid of the Jews), Charles remains in Berg throughout the war until Norways liberation in 1945. The resistance betrayed the Jews Soon enough, German troops appear in Oslo. It was located at 60 Sienna/52 liska Streets. Only their daughter Helene (who fled to Sweden in 1940) and Charles survived the war. Veldig f skrev ned hva de gikk gjennom, og det er synd. This account of the internment of a Jewish boxer from Oslo packs an emotional punch, but pulls back from displaying any real horrors. At one point, they are even able to joke about the unappetizing soup served in the camp and how it is similar to a soup their mother once made that didnt come out too well. Der fr hun beskjed av en politimann om at de jder som var gift med norske ikke skulle sendes. He told newspaper Aftenposten that he thinks the role is perhaps the most important Ive had as an actor. I mellomtiden har ogs familien Braudes lsre blitt solgt for en billig penge p diverse auksjoner. I 1947 fr Charles sin frste snn, med Ragnhild Synnve Jensen. Ragnhild (Kristine Kujath Thorp), the object of his desire, is not Jewish. The fact that the story takes place in Norway highlights both the similarities and differences between the Holocaust there, but the emotions evoked by the drama are universal. 32487. Their children, Charles, Isak, Harry and Helene, were native born. Braude son Charles (Jakob Oftebro), a handsome, charismatic boxing champ who marries the lovely, gentile Ragnhild (Kristine Kujath Thorp), is the nominal main character here and, for much of the . He had originally intended to marry the Infanta Maria Anna of Spain. With the Spanish match unsuccessful, Charles looked to France for a bride and began the negotiations to marry Henrietta. 0 references. The men of the family are sent to a brutal work camp where one of the guards tries to goad Charles into a boxing match, while Sara is left alone with her daughter-in-law as all Jews dwellings are systematically looted. The Jewish catastrophe simply wasnt seen as part of the Norwegian war story, Reisel told newspaper Aftenposten. Betrayed is the story of one family, its principal focus on Charles Braude (Jakob Oftebro) who was a champion boxer in the bantamweight division, married to a Christian woman, saving him from being deported to a death camp. Charles Dance, known for his role in The Witcher 3 and Game of Thrones was married to his former wife, Joanna Haythorn and shared two kids. Da tenker jeg ikke bare p vegne av norske jder, men ogs de norske krigsseilerne og kommunistene. The Jews of Norway, numbering just over 2,000, were almost immediately marginalized and singled out for persecution and deportation to Norwegian internment and Nazi extermination camps. This order applies to Jewish patients in hospitals. Charles was Norway's best boxer in his weight class 1935-1940. Hvem brydde seg om dem da frigjringen kom? Familien p seks bor p mindre enn 20 kvadratmeter Det samme ret som de gifter seg, 8. august 1912, blir ekteparets frste barn fdt. Your email address will not be published. On November 26, 1942, the Jewish inmates in Berg are divided into two groups. Westlie agrees that historians have been very slow, perhaps even reluctant, to research and write about Norways role in the Holocaust. A SCENE FROM Eirik Svenssons Betrayed., An empty square is seen at the former Nazi concentration camp in Sachsenhausen on the 75th anniversary of its liberation by Soviet and U.S. troops, during the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) near Berlin, Germany, April 17, 2020. In Berg he had to work seven days a week, surviving on a daily quarter loaf of bread, soup made from flowers, and an ersatz coffee. She was named chief of medicine and a director of the hospital board. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. Han fr navnet Harry David Braude. Skjebnen vil ha det til at han ender opp i Norge. Sykdom og hardt arbeid sender Isak til revier, det provisoriske sykehuset i leiren, 6. januar 1943. Fangene ankommer ddsleiren Auschwitz i Polen 1. desember 1942, fem dager etter at de ble tvunget om bord p kaia i Oslo. - Man fr ikke drept seks millioner jder uten at staten er bak deg. Benzel Braude and his wife, Sara, were Lithuanian Jews who settled in Norway long before the war. They run a traditional Jewish home, observing the Sabbath, and expect their four grown children, three boys and a girl, to do likewise. While Norwegian Jews are being stripped of their properties, Benzels shop is shuttered. Reading the writing on the wall, Helene Braude escapes to neutral Sweden. In the end, we are told, hundreds of Jews were shipped to Auschwitz via the German cargo ship SS Donau on that day in late 1942 and others followed. De har samme omgangskrets, og p denne tiden jobber hun som rengjringsdame for NSB, og han som blikkenslager. Charles Braude's sporting interest was awakened early. Han forklarer at noen f jdiske menn i blandingsekteskap ble deportert, men de fleste overlevde. Henrietta was not Charles first choice of wife. Closed.. I tillegg er vi ogs en hndverkerfamilie; broren min og jeg er rrleggere og pappa er frisr. The new film based on Michelets first book about the Jewish Norwegians fate, meanwhile, has received widespread attention, won strong reviews and drew the largest crowds before cinemas were shut down again because of Corona infection fears earlier this month. But the public knew . Det er fint tenke p, sier Patrick Braude (46). FOTO: Riksarkivet. At this point, Betrayed flashes back to 1939. By the age of 17 he joined the Fagen 26, a boxing club in the Workers' Sports Association (AIF). Your email address will not be published. Patrick er ogs av den oppfatning av at den norske stat, og resten av Europa, har mye av skylden for det som skjedde med jdene under krigen. Basert p din tidligere aktivitet hos oss, vil du f annonser vi tror kan interessere deg. Charles Bronson was still in his early career years when he met Harriet Tendler. The well-organized arrests, initial confinement of Jewish men in a notorious work camp near Tnsberg and at Falstad near Trondheim, and then deportations involved scores of Norwegian police officers, brutal Norwegian prison guards and even taxi drivers hired in to transport entire families to a waiting ship, the Donau, at the harbour. Han mener at de eneste som fikk heder her i landet etter frigjringen var motstandsorganisasjonen Milorg. [3][5], In 1916, Anna Braude married Eliezer Heller (18851934), an engineer; the couple had two sons, Ari Leon Heller (19172008),[6] and Olum Heller, nicknamed "Olo" (19211926). Its star, 35-year-old actor Jakob Oftebro, plays the son in a Norwegian Jewish family that was wiped out by the Holocaust. She obtained her medical degree in Berlin in 1912 and continued her studies in St Petersburg, and went on to practise in Russia for a period of time before returning to Poland. Were finally getting rid of them, mutters his assistant. Helene blir boende med familien i Sverige. On the same day, several hundred Jews, including Sara, boards the SS Donau, a ship en route to Germany. Forced to register as Jews, Charles and his familybut not his Aryan wifewere sent to Berg, a Norwegian work camp for Jews, the guards brutalizing the inmates despite the presence of Germans. charles braude first wife. Vi har gjort et dypdykk i historien til familien som nesten ble utslettet, og snakket med to av etterkommerne til Charles Braude - mannen som filmen er basert p. March 17, 2020. The rest managed to find refuge in Sweden and Britain. Vi But the German occupation soon brings disruptions. What happened was so brutal, and it wasnt so long ago., Oftebro said he was shocked over how little he knew about the Norwegian Holocaust himself. The film focuses on the Braude family, especially Charles Braude, a boxer who lives with his parents, sister and two brothers. Most of the doctors and nurses were sent to concentration camps; only a few (Teodozja Goliborska, Henryk Kroszczor, Rachela Kroszczorowa, and Adina Blady Szwajer) survived. Anti-semitism in Norwegian society contributed towards fewer Jews being saved from the Holocaust, wrote historian Andreas Snildal, who holds a doctorate degree in the history of anti-semitimism in Norway, inKlassekampen on Wednesday. Shes allowed to keep her engagement ring. Six million of them well never hear. In this heartfelt, restrained movie, Norwegian film-maker Eirik Svensson dramatises the true story of one family of victims from Nazi-occupied Norway. Home; About; Program; FAQ; Registration; Sponsorship; Contact; Home; About; Program; FAQ; Registration; Sponsorship . Familien Braudes historie begynner en gang tidlig p 1900-tallet. This is not a problem, and the couple are married in a joyous ceremony. He and his brothers, Harry and Isak, return to their parents home for a Sabbath meal. An inscription on its window reads, Jew. Director Eirik Svensson, whose last movie Seizure is about the discovery of four young immigrants found in a pool, steers clear of much of the violence to give us a straight, chronological accounta biopic of Charles Braude, if you will. Nr det n er skrevet en bok og kommer en film, vil familien Braude eksistere for alltid. Vi er en del av Aller Media, som er ansvarlig for dine data. Han synes det er viktig at man i dagens samfunn ikke gjemmer ting under teppet, og spesielt feiringen av frigjringsdagen er noe som provoserer ham. They had been married by proxy on 1 May, after which Henrietta made the journey from Paris to England. The Shadow of the Holocaust and my Change of Heart on the Death Penalty. Then the Germans invade; Charles is arrested and sent to an internment camp with his father and brothers. According to the Telegraph , this is factually . Sara og Benzel jobber dag og natt for f endene til mtes, mens barna vokser opp med mange lekekamerater i omrdene rundt Grnerlkka. Of those Norwegian Jews who were deported, only a handful survived. Norwegian boxer. I dokumenter som i dag befinner seg p Riksarkivet i Oslo, kommer det frem at det var Toivonen selv som skte om overta leiligheten etter at den jdiske nabofamilien var blitt send av grde til Tyskland. Goes Out newsletter, with the week's best events, to help you explore and experience our city. He had originally intended to marry the Infanta Maria Anna of Spain. At this point, Betrayed flashes back to 1939. Snnene Isak p 28 r og Harry p 23 r blir begge registrert og fr fangenummer 79087 og 79072 ved ankomst i Auschwitz. Betrayed makes accompanying them on their brutal journey worthwhile for the audience. Along with Heiman Lewenstein (1920-1942, died in Auschwitz) and Charles Kermann (1916-1943, died in Auschwitz), Braude was the only AIF boxer with a Jewish background in Oslo in the 1930s. Since the settlement was made more than 20 years ago, however, little more has been written and widely distributed about how more than 700 Norwegian Jews were sent directly to Nazi death camps, most of them to Auschwitz, where the vast majority were killed shortly after arrival. Please use the following structure: example@domain.com, Send me The Times of Israel Daily Edition. Images: Charles I and Henrietta Maria with their two eldest children, Prince Charles and Princess Mary, by Sir Anthony Van Dyck, 1631-32, RCIN 405353, Royal Collection Trust / Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2018. After matriculating from school in 1906, she studied at the Faculty of Social Sciences in Geneva, Switzerland and began medical studies at Zurich. She was featured in most Norwegian newspapers this week as she carried on her own campaign to make new generations aware of what happened during the war. Still others will be permitted to remain in Berg. As per German instructions, the Norwegian police are responsible for rounding up Jews. She wrote a second book with the question-mark title Hva visste hjemmefronten? They spent two years doing just that and came up with what they claim are very many errors in Michelets book that undermine her central arguments and conclusions. They also criticized Michelet for selective use of sources, and used more than 300 pages to challenge much of what Michelet wrote. Det nest yngste barnet i Braude-familien, skal etter hvert fatte interesse for boksing. Read . Charles married first name Braude. A highly acclaimed new film based on Michelets book was released on Christmas Day. 5 August 1991. Thats highly unusual. Men jeg plukket opp litt, selv om jeg var et lite barn, da han hadde jdiske venner p besk. 126 minutes. Its important that literature is critically reviewed in public, stated the books three authors Elise Berggren, Bjarte Bruland and Mats Tangestuen. Nettstedet du n besker blir i stor del finansiert av annonseinntekter. Maureen Blumhardt is the wife of Charles Barkley. Incorrect password. Tilbakefringsbetaling skal utstedes i begges navn.. Meanwhile letters to editor poured in and even two prominent members of Norways current Jewish community landed in an argument as well. Men det gr ikke an glemme, og n er snart alle som opplevde krigens grusomheter borte, sier Harry og legger til: - Jeg er n snart 74 r, og ingen har satt seg ned og forklart meg ordentlig hva som foregikk. Leiligheten ligger i en mrk skitten bakgrd - svrt lite pen og lite pent strk. Lsningen kan vre noe annet enn du tror, - F damer er forberedt p hva som skjer etter slutten av 40-rene, Arveskatt: - Kan skape vanskelige konomiske situasjoner for personer med helt ordinre inntekter. In a crowded room, a senior Norwegian police official tells policemen, We have a monumental task before us, a matter of great prestige. All Jewish men and women who have not already been arrested will be picked up, he says. - Krigen har alltid interessert meg, og hva det var som skjedde. Betrayed, a movie by Eirik Svensson, currently in US theaters and a number of streaming platforms (including iTunes, Amazon and Google Play), tells a graceful and affecting fact-based story of a Jewish family during the Holocaust, but what is different here is that it is set in Norway. Required fields are marked *. Denne hurtig-utbyggingen gjorde at omrdet fikk tilnavnet Ny York - som trekker paralleller med den raske utbyggingen som foregikk over Atlanteren. De kom alltid inn p krigen, og snakket om det med bde grt og noen ganger latter. Benzel (Michalis Koutsogiannakis), the patriarch of the family, makes a living as a butcher, and his wife, Sara (Pia Halvorsen), is a seamstress. This if one of the few films to blame Norway for collaborating with Hitler and according to Marte Michelet whose book The Greatest Crime: Victims and Perpetrators in the Norwegian Holocaust, Norway should be deeply ashamed for assisting in the deportation and gassing of those Norwegian Jews who waited too long when escape to Sweden was possible. . But negotiations for this marriage dragged on, until Charles made a personal visit to Spain in an attempt to secure the Infanta, travelling incognito with George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. She was the youngest daughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici, and was just 15 when she married the 24 year old Charles. I romjulen hadde storfilmen Den strste forbrytelsen premiere p norske kinoer. Men det er ikke fr de har flyktet til et land langt i nord, at de to kan starte livet sammen. Get our L.A. Halvannet r senere, 2. februar 1914, kommer snnen Isak Josef Braude til verden. Thats what weve done.. His primary source of income is his career as a Lawyer. In a detailed, low-key way, the movie shows exactly how Norwegian officials, mainly one commander, Knut Rod (Anders Danielsen Lie, an appealing actor who stars in Joachim Triers enjoyable new film, The Worst Person in the World, which is one of the top contenders for the Best International Feature Oscar) carry out the logistics of the roundup. Ved siden av dette har han ogs sltt seg opp som blikkenslager. On November 26, 1942, the Jewish inmates in Berg are divided into two groups. This is not a problem, and the couple are married in a joyous ceremony. Shes visited by two officials who take an inventory of her possessions. Signup to Philippa's latest news and get updates of her upcoming releases. Etter hvert som man blir eldre begynner man tenke tilbake, og sprsml som hvorfor fikk jeg aldri mte bestemor, bestefar og onkler dukker opp. - Hensikten med legge ned snublesteinene er at jeg ikke vil at navnet vrt skal bli glemt. Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, 2023 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. Brevet, som avsluttes med nazi-hilsenen heil og sl, er datert 5. februar 1943 - bare 10 uker at familien Braude ble arrestert. Eirik Svenssons spare, hard-hitting feature film, Betrayed, boldly exposes Norways heartless and callous betrayal of its Jewish community during the Holocaust. After the war he started Aktiv Atlet, working both as a trainer and an adviser to younger boxers. Their children, Charles, Isak, Harry and Helene, were native born. Fire r senere, 21. juni 1919, blir fjerde og siste barn fdt. With Jakob Oftebro, Pia Halvorsen, Michalis Koutsogiannakis, Carl Martin Eggesb. Its easy using PayPal, or our Norway bank account. Its run on a voluntary basis by veteran journalists keen to share insight into Norwegian politics, economic affairs and culture, in English. Ssknene Helene og Charles klarer f tilbake noen eiendeler, men leiligheten i vre gate 4 blir aldri i deres eie igjen. Skjulte diagnosen: - Jeg syntes ikke det var ndvendig at alle visste det. Norwegians. In that regard Betrayed shows us a people, some of whom are as antisemitic as any youd find in Europe at the time. Du velger selv om du nsker endre dine innstillinger, Aller Media eier nettstedene Dagbladet, Sol, DinSide, KK, Se og Hr, Lommelegen, Topp og Vi. Mens familien blir utryddet n etter n i tysk fangenskap, Charles sitter i Berg Interneringsleir og svigerinnene Ragnhild og Helene befinner seg p ulike steder i Sverige, har medlemmer av Quisling-regimet mysommelig begynt arbeidet med konfiskere de deporterte jdenes eiendommer. The prisoners are warned they will be shot if they try to escape. Many had already been harassed for years before that. Norwegian collaborators, headed by Vidkun Quisling, cooperated with the invaders, even as underground fighters fought Germanys occupation.

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